预应力混凝土构件.ppt

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1、Reinforced Concrete design钢筋混凝土结构设计原理,Wu XiaochunDepartment of Civil Engineering,WUST2007.7.,10 Prestressed Concrete预应力混凝土构件,contents:,10.1 Fundamental Concepts of Prestressed概述 10.2Calculation of Prestressed Members with Axial Tension 预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件的计算10.3 Calculation of Prestressed Members with Flex

2、ure and Shear预应力混凝土受弯构件的计算 10.4 Detailing requirements of Prestressed Members 预应力混凝土构件的构造 10.5 Part prestressed concrete and Unbonded prestressed concrete structure部分预应力混凝土与无粘结预应力混凝土,第10章 预应力混凝土构件,emphases:,预应力混凝土的基本概念 Fundamental Concepts of Prestressed 预加应力的方法 Method of prestressing 预应力损失及预应力混凝土轴心

3、受拉构件的计算方法 Losses of Prestress and Calculation of Prestressed Members with Axial Tension,第10章 预应力混凝土构件,Question:1.What disadvantages do RC structures have?2.How to overcome the disadvantages?3.What is the concept of prestressed concrete?4.What is the difference in performance of prestressed concrete

4、beam compared with RC beam?,10.1概述,10.1概述,10.1概述,混凝土抗拉强度太低。受拉区混凝土的过早开裂,截面抗弯刚度显著降低。大跨度结构时,如为增加刚度而加大截面尺寸,会导致自重增大,形成恶性循环。如果增加钢筋来提高刚度,则钢材的强度得不到充分利用,造成浪费。采用高强钢筋,按正截面承载力要求可减少配筋,截面抗弯刚度基本与配筋面积成比例降低,故挠度变形控制难以满足。,原因,10.1概述,设计控制条件:一般RC梁 承载力大跨RC梁 挠度变形高强钢筋 裂缝宽度,普通混凝土设计控制条件,10.1概述,10.1.1预应力混凝土的概念(Concepts of pres

5、tressed concrete),预应力混凝土是在混凝土构件承受外荷载之前,对其受拉区预先施加压应力。这种预压应力可以部分或全部抵消外荷载产生的拉应力,因而可减少甚至避免裂缝的出现。,10.1 概述,预应力混凝土受弯构件,10.1概述,10.1概述,通过人为控制预压力Np的大小,可使梁截面受拉边缘混凝土产生压应力、零应力或很小的拉应力,以满足不同的裂缝控制要求,从而改变了普通钢筋混凝土构件原有的裂缝状态,成为预应力混凝土受弯构件。美国混凝土协会(ACI)对预应力混凝土下的定义是:“预应力混凝土是根据需要人为地引入某一数值与分布的内应力,用以全部或部分抵消外荷载应力的一种加筋混凝土”。,10.

6、1Introduction,根据预加应力值大小对截面控制程度的不同,预应力混凝土构件分为两类:全预应力混凝土和部分预应力混凝土 1.全预应力(full prestressed)混凝土构件:相当于裂缝控制等级为一级;要求沿预应力方向的正截面不出现拉应力,即 严格要求不出现裂缝的构件;2.部分预应力(partially prestressed)混凝土构件:相当于裂缝控制等级为三级,允许出现裂缝,但最大裂缝宽 度不超过允许值的构件。限值预应力混凝土(Limited prestressed concrete):也属部分预应力混凝土;相当于裂缝控制等级为二级;即一般要求不出现裂缝的构件。,10.1.2预

7、应力混凝土的分类 Types of prestressed concrete,10.1.3 施加预应力的方法Method of Prestressing,先张法(pre-tensioned method),张拉钢筋 支模、浇砼 砼达到一定强度剪丝 产生预应力,先张法是靠粘结力来传递并保持预加应力的。,用途:预制厂大批制作中、小型构件,如预应力混凝土楼板、屋面板、梁等。,10.1Introduction,先张法pre-tensioned method,定义:在浇灌混凝土之前张拉预应力钢筋。1.采用台座长线张拉或钢模短线张拉。2.通过预应力钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结力传递预应力的。3.适用于在预制厂大

8、批制作中、小型构件,如预应力混凝土楼板、屋面板、梁等。,10.1Introduction,浇砼,预留孔道 达到强度,穿筋 张拉钢筋,锚固 孔道灌浆,后张法是靠工作锚具来传递并保持预加应力的。,后张法Post-tensioned method,10.1Introduction,在浇灌混凝土并结硬之后张拉预应力钢筋 1.依靠其两端的锚具锚住预应力钢筋并传递预应力的。2.这样的锚具是构件的一部分,是永久性的,不能重复使用。3.适用于在施工现场制作大型构件,如预应力屋架、吊车梁、大跨度桥梁等。,后张法Post-tensioned method,10.1Introduction,锚具是锚固预应力筋的装置

9、,它对在构件中建立有效预应力起着至关重要的作用。先张法构件中的锚具可重复使用,也称夹具或工作锚;后张法构件依靠锚具传递预应力,锚具也是构件的组成部分,不能重复使用。对锚具的要求是:安全可靠,使用有效、节约钢材及制作简单。建筑工程中常用的锚具有:1.螺丝端杆锚具(The anchorage of screw bar)2.锥形锚具(The taper anchorage)3.夹具式锚具(The clip anchorage)4.镦头锚具(The heading anchorage),10.1.4 夹具和锚具(anchorage),10.1Introduction,1.锚、夹具,构件制作完后,能取下

10、重复使用夹具,用于永久固定钢筋、作为构件的一部分 锚具,不同种类的锚具,有不同的固定原理。同时固定预应力筋不同。锚具不同则回缩量不同,尺寸外形对构件的影响不同。,其作用为固定力筋。,10.1Introduction,(1)对锚、夹具的要求:,A.安全可靠,其本身具有足够的强度和刚度。,B.应使预应力钢筋在锚具内尽可能不产生滑移,以减少预应力损失。,C.构造简单,便于机械加工制作。,D.使用方便,省材料、价格低。,(2).锚具的形式:,锚具的型式繁多,按其传力锚固受力原理,可分为三类:,依靠摩擦力锚固的锚具。,依靠承压锚固的锚具。,依靠粘结力锚固的锚具。,如楔形锚、锥形锚和用 于锚固钢绞线的JM

11、锚与夹片式群锚等。,如墩头锚、钢筋螺纹锚等。,如先张法的筋束锚固,以及后张法固定端的钢绞线压花锚具等。,其它设备:,2.预加应力的其它设备,千斤顶,制孔器,抽拔橡胶管,螺旋金属波纹管,穿索机,压浆机,张拉台座(先张法),千斤顶 油泵卷扬机,第10章 预应力混凝土构件,10.1概述,螺丝杆端锚具,10.1概述,第10章 预应力混凝土构件,10.1概述,上次课主要内容:钢筋混凝土的缺陷(Disadvantages of RC)预应力混凝土的概念(Concepts of prestressed concrete),预应力混凝土的分类(Types of prestressed concrete),施加

12、预应力的方法(Method of Prestressing),夹具和锚具(anchorage),第10章 预应力混凝土构件,10.1概述,本次课主要内容:预应力混凝土的材料Material of Prestessed,张拉控制应力con(Controlling stress),预应力损失(losses of prestress),预应力损失的组合 Combination of stress losses,先张法构件预应力钢筋的传递长度 Transmission length of prestress,后张法构件端部局部受压承载力计算Bearing Strength of Locally Loa

13、ded Members,Reinforcement 钢筋1.Prestressing tendon(预应力钢筋)high strength for the prestressCode:best choose Prestressed Strand预应力钢绞线,Stress deleted wire消除应力钢丝,Heat-treated bar热处理钢筋.2.Ordinary steel bar(非预应力钢筋)。best choose HRB400 and HRB335,choose RRB400.,10.1.5 Material of Prestressed Concrete预应力混凝土的材料,

14、10.1Introduction,1.High strengthHigh prestressed of compression;Reduce the area of section,big span;Reduce creep,losses of prestress;decrease the length of Transmission;Improve strength of the Locally Loaded;Concrete early strength high,reduce the time and cost of construction.2.Code:C30;C40,while u

15、sed Prestressed Strand预应力钢绞线,wire钢丝,Heat-treated bar热处理钢筋.,Concrete混凝土,10.1Introduction,1.Definition:the steel stress at jacking end at the time of steel tension.2.The Value of con:suitability.inadvisable too low:(1)If con high;prestress of compression will higher.(2)sufficiently utilize the effect

16、of prestressed reinforcement;inadvisable too high:,10.1.6 Controlling stress con 张拉控制应力,10.1Introduction,(1)breaking of steel;(2)crack,crush of concrete at construction stage;(3)Mcr/Mu 1,brittle(4)increase the prestress losses due to relaxation,If con too high,the problem:,10.1Introduction,Code:1.Ta

17、ble 8.1 2.0.4 fptk。,Table 8.1The allowable values of con,The allowable values of con,10.1Introduction,1.Part of the control stress in prestressed steels will loss;2.After the prestress loss,the effective prestress will compress concrete.,losses of prestress is a key problem in design and constructio

18、n.,10.1.7 losses of prestress预应力损失,10.1Introduction,If the prestressed steel get shortened,the losses of prestress will produce.锚固损失 due to Anchorage摩擦损失 due to Friction 温差损失 due to the temperature differential松弛损失 due to the relaxation of prestressed steel混凝土的收缩和徐变引起的损失 due to shrinkage and creep o

19、f concrete,10.1Introduction,Compaction of Anchorage and Slip of Steel in Anchorage张拉端锚具变形和钢筋内缩引起的预应力损失,Equation:,Measures to reduce the losses:1.less number of pad;2.long length of prestressing steel from jacking end to fixed end,10.1Introduction,Losses of Prestress due to Friction between Steel and

20、 Duct预应力钢筋与孔道壁之间的摩擦引起的预应力损失,Losses due to Friction,post-tension method,10.1Introduction,1.Equation:,10.1Introduction,2.Measures to reduce the losses:(1).streched at two ends两端张拉(2).over streched 超张拉,10.1Introduction,Losses of prestress due to the temperature differential 温差引起的预应力损失,stream curing is

21、used;Temperature differential between steel and abutment.Equation:2.Measures to reduce the losses(1)Rising curing temperature stage by stage:First rise to 2025,fc=7.510N/mm2,bond between concrete and steel;second rising,there are no looses of prestress.(2)Use steel abutment:,10.1Introduction,Losses

22、of prestress due to the relaxation of prestressed steel预应力钢筋的应力松弛引起的预应力损失,stress relaxation(应力松弛):when a length of prestressing steel is stressed and held at a constant strain,the steel stress will gradually decrease with the increase of duration.1.Factors affecting stress relaxation影响应力松弛的因素:(1).Ti

23、me时间(2).Types of steel钢材品种(3).The value of Controlling stress 张拉控制应力的大小,应力松弛率与时间、初应力关系,10.1Introduction,2.Prestressed Strand,wire ordinary relaxation low relaxation:,3.Heat-treated bar:4.Measures to reduce the losses 超张拉 over stretched,10.1Introduction,pc、pc compressive normal prestress of concrete

24、at the resultant point of prestressing steel(only the first set loss)in tension,compression zone of the member.,Losses of prestress due to shrinkage and creep of concrete 混凝土的收缩和徐变引起的预应力损失,1.Equation:,Pre-tension:Post-tenson:,10.1Introduction,10.1Introduction,Pre-tension:Post-tenson:,Measures to red

25、uce:as same as that of creep and shrinkage。,Losses of prestress due to compaction of spiral prestressing steel用螺旋式预应力钢筋作配筋的环形构件,由于混凝土的局部挤压引起的预应力损失,1.In post-tension method for members of ring cross section with spiral prestressing steel,the deformation of concrete under the compaction of prestressed

26、 steel will cause shorten of prestressed steel and the loss of prestress.2.Code:while d3m,N/mm2;d3m,。,10.1Introduction,混凝土预压前完成的损失(Before prestressed)LI;混凝土预压后完成的损失(After prestressed)LlI。各阶段预应力损失值的组合,10.1.8 Combination of stress losses预应力损失的组合,10.1Introduction,考虑到预应力损失计算值与实际值的差异,并为了保证预应力混凝土构件具有足够的抗裂

27、度,应对预应力总损失值做最低限值的规定。规范规定,当计算求得的预应力总损失值小于下列数值时,应按下列数值取用:先张法构件 100N/mm2;后张法构件 80N/mm2。,10.1Introduction,10.1.9 Transmission length of prestress先张法构件预应力钢筋的传递长度,10.1Introduction,构件端部截面尺寸验算 Section Check,10.1.10Bearing Strength of Locally Loaded Members后张法构件端部局部受压承载力计算,10.1Introduction,确定局部受压计算底面积Ab,10.1

28、Introduction,构件端部局部受压承载力验算 Strength Check 当配置方格网式或螺旋式间接钢筋且其核心(core)面积 时,局部受压承载力应按下列公式计算:,当为方格网式配筋时,其体积配筋率应按下列公式计算:,当为螺旋式配筋时,其体积配筋率应按下列公式计算:,10.1Introduction,局部受压区的间接钢筋(a)方格网式配筋(b)螺旋式配筋,10.1Introduction,Review,Concepts of prestressed concreteMethod of prestressingControlling stressLosses of Prestress

29、,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension,Two working stages:从张拉钢筋开始到构件破坏 1.Construction Stage施工阶段 2.Service Stage使用阶段Two methods of prestressing:1.pre-tension先张法 2.post-tension 后张法,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension 预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件的计算,Ac area of concrete;Aparea

30、of prestressed steelAs area of non-prestressed steel,stress of prestressed steel stress of non-prestressed steel stress of concrete,10.2.1 Stress Analysis of Members with Axial tension at Every Working Stage轴心受拉构件各阶段的应力分析,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension,.Construction Stage,

31、section of pre-tension member Balance Equation:,1.Pre-tension member:Construction Stage,1.Pre-tension member 先张法轴心受拉构件,(1).张拉预应力钢筋 Tension prestressed steels(2).完成第一批预应力损失 First set of prestress losses(3).放张预应力钢筋 压缩混凝土 Jacking pressure is released(4).完成第二批预应力损失 second set of prestress losses,1.Pre-t

32、ension member:Construction Stage,Every step at construction stage,1.Pre-tension member:Construction Stage,Stress in prestressed steels:Stress in concrete:Stress in non-prestressed steels:,(1).Tension prestressed steels张拉预应力钢筋,(2).After First set of prestress losses完成第一批预应力损失,1.Pre-tension member:Con

33、struction Stage,Release the prestress steel,compress concrete,(3).Jacking pressure is released 放张预应力钢筋,Elastic compression,1.Pre-tension member:Construction Stage,From equilibrium of forces:,1.Pre-tension member:Construction Stage,The area of transformed section:换算截面面积,the strength Calculation at co

34、nstruction stage 施工阶段承载能力计算Calculation of 计算收缩与徐变损失,弹性回弹,1.Pre-tension member:Construction Stage,(4).After second set of prestress losses 完成第二批预应力损失,Shrinkage,creep,1.Pre-tension member:Construction Stage,Effective pre-compressed stress of concrete:混凝土有效预压应力:,(4).After second set of prestress losses

35、:完成第二批预应力损失,Check for crack width,Three key points:,1.Pre-tension member:service stage,Loading from N=0,Loading until=0,Loading until cracking,Loading until failure,.service stage 使用阶段,(1).Loading until=0加荷至混凝土预压应力被抵消时,Stage of Eliminate compression,1.Pre-tension member:service stage,1.Pre-tension m

36、ember:service stage,correspond with the unloading member of ordinary concrete;相当于普通钢筋混凝土构件还没有受到外荷载的作用.N0the tension force for Eliminate compression“消压拉力”。,(1).Loading until=0,From equilibrium of forces:,Cracking stage,1.Pre-tension member:service stage,(2).Loading until cracking 加荷至混凝土即将开裂,1.Pre-ten

37、sion member:service stage,(2).Loading until cracking 加荷至混凝土即将开裂,From equilibrium of forces:,Check for crack width at service stage,1.Pre-tension member:service stage,(3).Loading until failure 加荷直至构件破坏,Ultimate stage,Calculation for ultimate strength at service stage,2.post-tension member,.Constructi

38、on Stage,Post-prestressed member,2 post-tension member后张法轴心受拉构件,Every step at construction stage,Tension steel under Controlling stress and compress concrete在构件上张拉预应力钢筋至,同时压缩混凝土After First set of prestress losses.完成第一批预应力损失After second set of prestress losses完成第二批预应力损失,1.Tension steel under Controll

39、ing stress and compress concrete在构件上张拉预应力钢筋至,同时压缩混凝土,2.post-tension member,2.post-tension member,2 After First set of prestress losses.完成第一批预应力损失,2.post-tension member,3.After second set of prestress losses完成第二批预应力损失,2.post-tension member,相应时刻的应力图形与先张法构件的相同,外荷载产生的轴向拉力符号也相同。相应计算公式如下:,Note:,.service s

40、tage 使用阶段,钢筋预应力 无论先、后张法,非预应力钢筋任何相应时刻的应力公式形式均相同;预应力钢筋应力公式中,后张法比先张法的相应时刻应力多。混凝土预应力 施工阶段,两种张拉方法的、公式形式相似,差别在于:先张法公式中用构件的换算截面面积,而后张法用构件的净截面面积。,先、后张法计算公式的比较(对照相应计算公式),10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension,施工阶段,先张法,后张法,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension,先张法,后张法,使用

41、阶段,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension,轴向拉力 使用阶段,构件在各特定时刻的轴向拉力,及 的公式形式均相同。无论先、后张法,均采用构件的换算截面面积 计算。由 可知,预应力混凝土构件比同条件的普通钢筋混凝土构件的开裂荷载提高了。,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension,保证预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件(uniaxial tensile member of prestressed concrete)的可靠性(reliability).1.使用

42、阶段的承载力计算Load-carrying Capacity Calculation at Service Stage 2.裂缝控制验算check of crack3.施工阶段(制作、运输、安装)的承载力验算Check of Members with Axial Tension at construction Stage 4.后张法构件端部混凝土的局部受压验算Bearing Strength of Locally Loaded Members。,设计主要内容Design contents,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial ten

43、sion,1、使用阶段承载力的计算 Strength calculation at Service Stage 目的是保证构件在使用阶段具有足够的安全性。因属于承载能力极限状态的计算,故荷载效应及材料强度均采用设计值。计算公式如下,10.2.2轴心受拉构件使用阶段的计算Calculation of Members with Axial Tension at Service Stage,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension,预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件,应按所处环境类别和结构类别选用相应的裂缝控制等级,并按下列规定进行混凝

44、土拉应力或正截面裂缝宽度验算。由于属正常使用极限状态的验算,因而须采用荷载效应的标准组合或准永久组合,且材料强度采用标准值。,2.使用阶段正截面裂缝控制验算 Check for crack width at service stage,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension,一级严格要求不出现裂缝的构件 在荷载效应的标准组合下应符合下列规定:二级一般要求不出现裂缝的构件应同时满足如下两个条件:在荷载效应的标准组合下应符合下列规定:在荷载效应的准永久组合下宜符合下列规定:,10.2 Calculation of Pres

45、tressed Member with Axial tension,三级允许出现裂缝的构件 按荷载效应的标准组合并考虑长期作用影响计算的最大裂缝宽度,应符合下列规定:,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension,为了保证预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件在施工阶段(主要是制作时)的安全性,应限制施加预应力过程中的混凝土法向压应力值,以免混凝土被压坏。混凝土法向压应力应符合下列规定:,对先张法构件对后张法构件,3.施工阶段混凝土压应力验算Check of Members with Axial Tension at constructi

46、on Stage,10.2 Calculation of Prestressed Member with Axial tension,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,1各阶段应力分析 钢筋应力先张法后张法 分别加荷至受拉区和受压区预应力钢筋各自合力点处混凝土法向应力等于零时,受拉区和受压区的预应力钢筋 和 的应力为:先张法后张法,预应力混凝土受弯构件截面内钢筋布置,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,混凝土预应力 仿照轴心受拉构件,计算预应力混凝土受弯构件中由预加力产生的混凝土法向应力 时,可看作将一个偏心压力 作用于构件截面上,然后按材料力学公式计算。计算时,先张法用构件的换算截面(

47、,),而后张法用构件的净截面(,)。,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,计算公式如下:先张法构件后张法构件,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,预应力钢筋及非预应力钢筋的合力无论先、后张法,偏心压力 均按下式计算:,预应力钢筋及非预应力钢筋合力点的偏心距先张法构件:后张法构件:,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,截面几何特征:先张法构件后张法构件,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,外荷载作用下构件截面内混凝土应力计算施加预应力后,构件在正常使用时可能不开裂甚至不出现拉应力,因而可以视混凝土为理想弹性材料。仿照轴心受拉构件,在外荷载作用下,无论先、后张法,均采用构件的换算截面,按材

48、料力学公式计算混凝土应力。例如,正截面抗裂验算时,加荷至构件受拉边缘混凝土应力为零时,设外弯矩为,则有加荷至受拉边缘混凝土即将开裂时,则开裂弯矩为,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,2使用阶段计算 正截面受弯承载力计算,矩形截面受弯构件正截面受弯承载力计算,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,两个独立平衡方程:公式的适用条件为:,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,斜截面承载力计算 斜截面受剪承载力计算 只需考虑施加预应力对受剪承载力的影响。矩形、T形和I形截面的预应力混凝土受弯构件,当配置箍筋和弯起钢筋时,其斜截面受剪承载力应按下列公式计算:斜截面受弯承载力计算(略),9.预应力混凝

49、土受弯构件的设计与计算,正截面裂缝控制验算 一级严格要求不出现裂缝的构件二级 一般要求不出现裂缝的构件 三级允许出现裂缝的构件,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,斜截面抗裂度验算 混凝土主拉应力(1)一级严格要求不出现裂缝的构件(2)二级一般要求不出现裂缝的构件混凝土主压应力对严格要求和一般要求不出现裂缝的构件,均应符合下列规定:,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,挠度验算与普通混凝土受弯构件不同,预应力混凝土受弯构件的挠度由两部分组成。第一部分是外荷载产生的向下挠度 fl;另一部分是预应力产生的向上变形 fp,称为反拱。预应力混凝土受弯构件在正常使用极限状态下的挠度验算公式为:,9.

50、预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,施工阶段验算,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,对预拉区不允许出现裂缝的构件或预压时全截面受压的构件,在预加力、自重及施工荷载(必要时应考虑动力系数)作用下,其截面边缘的混凝土法向应力应符合下列规定:截面边缘的混凝土法向应力可按下列公式计算:,9.预应力混凝土受弯构件的设计与计算,对施工阶段预拉区允许出现裂缝而在预拉区不配置纵向预应力钢筋的构件,除应进行承载能力极限状态验算外,其截面边缘的混凝土法向应力应符合下列规定:注:后张法预应力混凝土受弯构件的端部局部受压计算内容与轴心受拉构件相同,不赘述。,9.预应力混凝土构件的构造要求,1先张法构件 多根相同直径

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