《《中国的对外贸易》(汉英对照白皮书).doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《《中国的对外贸易》(汉英对照白皮书).doc（27页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、中国的对外贸易(汉英对照白皮书2011)中国的对外贸易Chinas Foreign Trade 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室Information Office of the State CouncilThe Peoples Republic of China 2011年12月 北京December 2011, Beijing 目录Contents 前言Foreword 一、中国对外贸易的历史性进步I. Historic Progress in Chinas Foreign Trade 二、中国外贸体制的改革与完善II. Reform of and Improvements to China
2、s Foreign Trade System 三、中国外贸发展对世界的贡献III. The Development of Chinas Foreign Trade Contributes to the World Economy 四、促进对外贸易基本平衡增长IV. Promoting Basically Balanced Growth of Foreign Trade 五、构建全方位互利合作经贸关系V. Constructing All-round Economic and Trade Partnerships with Mutually Beneficial Cooperation 六、实现
3、对外贸易的可持续发展VI. Realizing Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade 结束语Conclusion 前言Foreword 和平、发展、合作是当今世界潮流。改革开放以来，中国顺应经济全球化趋势，不断扩大对外开放，在平等互利的基础上积极同世界各国开展经贸合作。经过多年发展，对外贸易成为中国经济最为活跃、增长最快的部分之一，中国也成为跻身世界前列的贸易大国。中国对外贸易的发展，将中国与世界更加紧密地联系起来，有力推动了中国的现代化建设，也促进了世界的繁荣与进步。 Peace, development and cooperation are t
4、he trends in todays world. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy more than 30 years ago, China has conformed to the trend of economic globalization by opening wider to the outside world and promoting economic and trade cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mu
5、tual benefit. Through years of development, foreign trade has become one of Chinas most dynamic and fastest-growing sectors, placing China among the worlds largest trade countries. Chinas foreign trade development has strengthened the nations ties with the rest of the world, effectively pushed forwa
6、rd the countrys modernization, and promoted world prosperity and progress. 2001年中国加入世界贸易组织。10年来，中国经济融入全球经济的进程加快，中国对外贸易的活力进一步增强。在中国加入世界贸易组织10周年之际，中国政府发表白皮书，对中国的对外贸易情况作一系统介绍。 China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. During the past decade, China has quickened its integration into the
7、global economy while its foreign trade has been further invigorated. On the 10th anniversary of Chinas accession to the WTO, the Chinese government issues this White Paper to give a comprehensive introduction to Chinas foreign trade development. (More) 一、中国对外贸易的历史性进步I. Historic Progress in Chinas Fo
8、reign Trade 1949年中华人民共和国成立以后，坚持独立自主、自力更生，逐步开展对外经济贸易交流，但受到当时国际政治环境和国内计划经济体制等因素制约，对外贸易发展相对缓慢。 After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, China adhered to the principle of independence and self-reliance, and gradually carried out economic and trade exchanges with foreign countri
9、es. However, hindered by the international political environment at that time and the countrys planned economic system, Chinas foreign trade development was relatively slow. 1978年，中国进入改革开放的新时期。大力发展对外贸易，成为中国加快现代化建设、改变落后面貌、促进经济发展和提高综合国力的重要途径。30多年来，中国利用世界经济较长时期繁荣、经济全球化深入发展的机遇，扩大对外开放，吸引利用外商投资，引进先进技术，改造提
10、升国内产业，在全面参与国际分工和竞争中，实现了对外贸易的跨越式发展。 In 1978 China entered the new period of reform and opening up. Devoting major efforts to the development of foreign trade became an important approach to accelerate modernization, shake off backwardness, promote the growth of economy, and improve comprehensive nati
11、onal strength. Over the past 30 years or so, seizing the opportunity of the world economys long-termprosperity and the deepening economic globalization, China has opened wider to the outside world, attracted and utilized foreign investment, introduced advanced technology, transformed and upgraded do
12、mestic industries, and achieved rapid development in foreign trade through all-round participation in the international division of labor and competition. 货物贸易总量跻身世界前列。1978年，中国货物进出口总额只有206亿美元，在世界货物贸易中排名第32位，所占比重不足1%。2010年，中国货物进出口总额达到29740亿美元，比1978年增长了143倍，年均增长16.8%。其中，出口总额15778亿美元，年均增长17.2%；进口总额1396
13、2亿美元，年均增长16.4%。中国出口总额和进口总额占世界货物出口和进口的比重分别提高到10.4%和9.1%，连续两年成为世界货物贸易第一出口大国和第二进口大国。 - Chinas total trade volume in goods ranks high globally. In 1978 the total value of Chinas import and export was only 20.6 billion U.S. dollars, ranking 32nd in world trade and accounting for less than 1 percent of th
14、e worlds total. In 2010 the total value of Chinas import and export reached 2.974 trillion U.S. dollars, 144 times as much as that in 1978, averaging an annual growth of 16.8 percent. In 2010 the total value of Chinas export was 1.5778 trillion U.S. dollars, showing an a 17.2 percent annual growth o
15、n average, and the total value of its import was 1.3962 trillion U.S. dollars, showing a 16.4 percent annual growth on average. In 2010, the total volumes of Chinas export and import accounted for 10.4 percent and 9.1 percent of the worlds total, respectively. By the end of 2010 China had been the w
16、orlds largest exporter and second-largest importer for two consecutive years. (Figure 1 Chinas Import and Export of Goods 1978-2010) 货物贸易结构发生了根本性变化。中国出口商品结构在20世纪80年代实现了由初级产品为主向工业制成品为主的转变，到90年代实现了由轻纺产品为主向机电产品为主的转变，进入新世纪以来，以电子和信息技术为代表的高新技术产品出口比重不断扩大。外贸经营主体除了国有企业外，还包括外商投资企业、民营企业等，后二者的进出口总额目前均已超过国有企业。20
17、世纪80年代至本世纪初，中国加工贸易蓬勃发展，成为外贸的半壁江山。在中国外贸发展中，外商投资企业和加工贸易发挥了十分重要的作用。- The structure of Chinas trade in goods has fundamentally changed. Chinas export commodity structure shifted from the primary products dominated to manufactured goods dominated in the 1980s, and from mainly light industrial and textile
18、 products to mainly mechanical and electronic products in the 1990s. In the new century, Chinas export of high-tech products, led by electronics and information technology commodities, has been increasingly expanded. In addition to state-owned enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises and private en
19、terprises also engage in foreign trade, and their total value of import and export has each exceeded that of the state-owned enterprises. From the 1980s to the early 21st century, Chinas processing trade flourished, accounting for half of the countrys foreign trade volume. Throughout Chinas foreign
20、trade development, foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade have played very significant roles. (Table 1 Chinas Export Commodity Structure 1980-2010) 形成全方位和多元化进出口市场格局。改革开放后，中国全方位发展对外贸易，与世界上绝大多数国家和地区建立了贸易关系。贸易伙伴已经由1978年的几十个国家和地区发展到目前的231个国家和地区。欧盟、美国、东盟、日本、金砖国家等成为中国主要贸易伙伴。新世纪以来，中国与新兴市场和发展中国家的
21、贸易持续较快增长。2005年至2010年，中国与东盟货物贸易占中国货物贸易比重由9.2%提高到9.8%，与其他金砖国家货物贸易所占比重由4.9%提高到6.9%，与拉丁美洲和非洲货物贸易所占比重分别由3.5%和2.8%提高到6.2%和4.3%。 - China has formed an all-round and diversified import and export market. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy, China has been promoting foreign trade on all fr
22、onts, and established trade relations with the vast majority of the worlds countries and regions. Chinas trade partners have increased from a small number of countries and regions in 1978 to 231 countries and regions now. The European Union (EU), the United States, the Association of Southeast Asian
23、 Nations (ASEAN), Japan, and the other BRIC countries have become Chinas major trade partners. In this new century Chinas trade with newly emerging markets and developing countries has maintained sustained and relatively rapid growth. In Chinas total trade in goods from 2005 to 2010 the proportion o
24、f trade with ASEAN increased from 9.2 percent to 9.8 percent, with other BRIC countries from 4.9 percent to 6.9 percent, with Latin America from 3.5 percent to 6.2 percent, and with Africa from 2.8 percent to 4.3 percent. (Figure 2 Chinas Top 10 Cargo Trade Partners in 2010) 服务贸易的国际竞争力不断增强。加入世界贸易组织后
25、，中国服务贸易进入新的发展阶段，规模迅速扩大，结构逐步优化，排名也进入世界前列。旅游、运输等领域的服务贸易增势平稳，建筑、通讯、保险、金融、计算机和信息服务、专有权利使用费和特许费、咨询等领域的跨境服务以及承接服务外包快速增长。2001年至2010年，中国服务贸易总额(不含政府服务)从719亿美元增加到3624亿美元，增长了4倍多。中国服务贸易出口在世界服务贸易出口中的比重从2.4%提高到4.6%，2010年达1702亿美元，从世界第12位上升到第4位；服务贸易进口比重从2.6%提高到5.5%，2010年达1922亿美元，从世界第10位上升到第3位。 - Chinas internationa
26、l competitiveness in services trade has been enhanced. With its WTO entry, Chinas trade in services entered a new stage of development. With its scale rapidly enlarged and its pattern gradually optimized, Chinas trade in services now ranks among the top in the world. Chinas trade in tourism, transpo
27、rt and other fields has maintained a steady growth momentum. Chinas cross-border services in construction, communications, insurance, finance,computers and information, royalties and license fees, consultation and related fields, as well as service outsourcing, have been growing rapidly. From 2001 t
28、o 2010 Chinas total services trade value (excluding government services) witnessed a more-than-five-fold growth from 71.9 billion U.S. dollars to 362.4 billion U.S. dollars. Chinas proportion in world services trade exports rose from 2.4 percent to 4.6 percent, worth 170.2 billion U.S. dollars in 20
29、10, and jumped from the 12th place in the world to the 4th; Chinas proportion in world services trade imports increased from 2.6 percent to 5.5 percent, worth 192.2 billion U.S. dollars in 2010, moving from the 10th place in the world to the 3rd. (Figure 3 Chinas Services Trade Imports and Exports 1
30、982-2010) 对外贸易发展有力推动了中国的现代化建设，中国成长为一个开放的经济体。参与国际分工与竞争，引进先进技术、设备和管理，利用外商直接投资，极大促进了中国技术进步和产业升级，提高了企业管理水平和市场竞争力。加工贸易迅速发展壮大使中国劳动力充裕的比较优势得以发挥，加快了中国的工业化和城镇化进程。对外贸易直接带动就业人口超过8000万，其中60%以上来自农村，就业者的收入和生活得到显著改善。对外贸易与国内投资、消费一起，成为中国经济增长的三大引擎。 Chinas foreign trade development has greatly pushed forward the count
31、rys modernization drive. China has grown into an open economy. Participation in the international division of labor and competition, introduction of advanced technology, equipment and management methods, and utilization of foreign direct investment have greatly promoted Chinas technological progress
32、 and industrial upgrading, and also improved the management and market competitiveness of its enterprises. The rapid growth of processing trade has brought into play Chinas comparative advantage of an abundant labor force, and accelerated the countrys industrialization and urbanization. Foreign trad
33、e has directly contributed to the employment of over 80 million Chinese people, more than 60 percent of whom are from rural areas, and employees income and living standards have been remarkably improved. Foreign trade, domestic investment and domestic consumption have become the three major engines
34、propelling Chinas economic growth. (Figure 4 The Growth of Chinas Total Import and Export Volume in Major Service Sectors2005-2010) (More) 中国对外贸易的历史性进步是与国际国内形势的发展变化紧密联系在一起的。20世纪80年代前后，和平与发展成为时代主题。随着经济全球化不断推进，资金、技术、产品、市场、资源、劳动力等要素在世界范围内的流动和配置更加活跃。以信息、通讯为主导的科学技术进步使生产效率得到极大的提高，国际产业转移不断深化和发展。经济全球化、科学技术进
35、步、国际产业转移和各国之间加强合作等为中国融入世界经济提供了历史性机遇。中国政府顺应时代潮流，以经济建设为中心，实行改革开放，发展与世界各国的经济技术合作，积极合理有效利用外资，充分发挥比较优势，促进了国际产业链分工的深化，为对外贸易发展创造了有利条件。在这个进程中，外国企业尤其是发达国家的跨国公司在中国获得大量投资机会，其拥有的资本、技术、管理经验和销售渠道等要素实现增值，分享了中国经济高速增长的成果。中国对外贸易的发展得益于改革开放，得益于经济全球化，得益于坚持走互利合作共赢道路。中国的发展离不开世界，世界的繁荣稳定也离不开中国。 The historic progress in Chin
36、as foreign trade has been closely connected with the changes in the international and domestic situations. Starting in the 1980s, peace and development became the theme of the times. With the acceleration of economic globalization, the flow and allocation of capital, technology, products, markets, r
37、esources, labor force and similar elements became more dynamic around the world. Scientific and technological progress, led by information and communications technology, has greatly improved production efficiency; international industrial transfer has continuously deepened and developed. Economic gl
38、obalization, scientific and technological progress, international industrial transfer and strengthened cooperation between countries have provided historic opportunities for Chinas integration into the world economy. The Chinese government, conforming to the trend of the times and taking economic co
39、nstruction as the central task, has implemented the reform and opening up policy, developed economic and technological cooperation with other countries, vigorously and rationally utilized foreign investment, brought its comparative advantage into full play, promoted the deepening of the division of
40、labor in the international industrial chain, and provided favorable conditions for its own foreign trade development. During this process foreign enterprises, and multinationalcorporations in particular, have obtained abundant opportunities to invest in China, added value to their capital, technolog
41、y, management experience, marketing channels and other elements, and shared the fruits of Chinas rapid economic growth. Chinas foreign trade development benefits greatly from its reform and opening up, from economic globalization, and from taking the path of cooperation and mutual benefit. China can
42、not develop itself in isolation from the rest of the world, and global prosperity and stability cannot be maintained without Chinas participation. 中国仍然是一个发展中国家。与世界贸易强国相比，中国出口产业仍处于全球产业链的低端，资源、能源等要素投入和环境成本还比较高，企业国际竞争力、一些行业的抗风险能力相对较弱等。实现由贸易大国向贸易强国的转变，将是一个较为长期的进程，还需要付出艰苦努力。 China remains a developing co
43、untry. Compared with other world trade powers, Chinas export industry remains at the low end of the global industrial chain. Chinas resource and energy inputs and environmental cost are relatively high, while the international competitiveness of enterprises and the risk-resistance of some industries
44、 are relatively weak. Chinas transformation from a large trading country to a strong trading power will be a comparatively long-term process requiring arduous efforts. 二、中国外贸体制的改革与完善II. Reform of and Improvements to Chinas Foreign Trade System 改革开放前，中国对外贸易实行指令性计划管理和国家统负盈亏。改革开放以来，中国外贸体制经历了由指令性计划管理到发挥
45、市场机制的基础性作用、由经营权高度垄断到全面放开、由企业吃国家“大锅饭”到自主经营和自负盈亏的转变。在中国争取恢复关税与贸易总协定缔约方地位和加入世界贸易组织的谈判过程中，在中国加入世界贸易组织后，中国的外贸体制逐步与国际贸易规则接轨，建立起统一、开放、符合多边贸易规则的对外贸易制度。 Before China adopted the reform and opening up policy in 1978, its foreign trade was governed by mandatory planning, and the state absorbed both the profits
46、 and the losses of enterprises. Since the reform and opening up policy was initiated, Chinas foreign trade system has completed the transformation from mandatory planning to giving full play to the fundamental role of the market - from state monopoly to full openness, and from indiscriminate egalita
47、rianism to giving enterprises discretionary management power and making them responsible for their own profits and losses. During the negotiations over the restoration of its GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) membership and entry into the WTO, and after it became a WTO member, China grad
48、ually adopted international trade practices, and established a unified, open foreign trade system compatible with multilateral trade rules. 改革开放初期，中国外贸体制改革主要是改革单一计划管理体制，下放外贸管理权和经营权，实行外汇留成制度并建立外汇调剂市场。吸收外商直接投资，使外商投资企业作为新的经营主体进入外贸领域，打破了国有外贸企业的垄断。此后，中国推行了外贸经营承包制，用指导性计划逐步取代指令性计划。按照国际贸易通行规则，建立了出口退税制度。1992年10月，中国明确提出建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标。根据这一目标，对财政、税收、金融、外贸和外汇体制进行了全面改革。1994年1月，中国政府取消对出口的所有财政补贴，进出口企业转变为完全自负盈亏。人民币官方汇率与市场调剂汇率并轨，实行以市场供求为基础、单一的、有管理的浮动汇率制度。外贸经营领域进行了企业股份化和进出口代理制试点。同年，中华人民共和国对外贸易法正式颁布实施，确立了维护公平、自由的对外贸易秩序等原则，奠定了对外贸易的基本
