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1、生态型服务与可持续发展综述中英文对照Ecological service and sustainable development in Chinese and English language compared 摘 要：近年来人们发现服务业对环境也存在很多不利的影响，所以，一个新的概念由此提出，即生态型服务。主要介绍生态型服务的概念和内涵，在分析传统服务对环境负作用的基础上，系统研究生态型服务对可持续发展的贡献，以及其中所包含的反弹效应。Pick to: in recent years, it was found that service industry also exists many a
2、dverse effects to the environment, therefore, a new concept which is put forward, namely ecological services. Mainly introduces the concept and connotation of ecological services, on the basis of analyzing the traditional service negative effect to the environment, ecological service system research
3、 contribution to the sustainable development, as well as the rebound effect contained in it. 关键词：生态型服务 产品服务系统 反弹效应。Key words: ecological service product service system rebound effect. 1 生态型服务的内涵。1, the connotation of ecological services. 20 世纪 90 年代，西方学者提出经济生态效率服务理论，强调资源使用效率，满足人类需求和生活质量的同时，减少生态环境的影响
4、。Hockert （1999）、Schrader （1999）、Meijkamp（2002）将生态型服务分成三类，（1）产品服务，即通过对已出售的产品提供附加的服务，以达到延长产品使用的寿命的目的，包括保养、升级和回收等。（2）使用服务，即企业不再通过出售产品实体，而只出售产品使用权而形成的服务，如共享、联用和租赁等。（3）结果服务，即企业不向消费者出售产品，消费者既不购买、拥有，也不使用产品，而是通过企业提供服务，确保消费者达到满足需要的结果。我国学者李伍荣（2007）认为生态型服务有以下几个特点：（1）基于物质产品而产生。生态型服务是与产品相关联的， 或补充或替代产品， 而且是动态意义上的
5、。（2）利用产品功能而产生。生态型服务中所涉及的销售不同于传统的销售，它是产品功能的销售。（3）有利于生态环境而产生。发展生态型服务的目的就是为了减轻服务业对环境发展的压力，减少人类生活对生态环境的影响。（4）为满足消费者需要而产生。生态型服务能为消费者带来高增加值，如较低的成本。相对于一次性购买产品和服务，生态型服务的成本整体较低。In the 1990 s, western scholars put forward economic ecological efficiency theory, emphasizes the resources use efficiency, satisfy
6、human needs and the quality of life at the same time, reduce the influence of ecological environment. Hockert (1999) and Schrader (1999), Meijkamp ecological services (2002) be classified into three categories, (1) products and services, namely, through to the sold products provide additional servic
7、es, in order to achieve the purpose of prolonging the life of the product use, maintenance, upgrade, and recycling, etc. (2) use the service, the enterprise no longer sell products entity, and sell products only use and form of service, such as sharing, combination and leasing, etc. (3) the results
8、service, that is, companies do not sell products to consumers, consumers do not buy, have, also dont use the product, but by the enterprise to provide services, ensure to meet the needs of consumers. Chinese scholars Li Wurong (2007) argue that ecological service has the following characteristics: (
9、1) based on the material products. Ecological service is associated with a product, or supplement or substitute products, and is a dynamic sense of the word. (2) the use of product function. Ecological service involved in the sales of different from the traditional sales, it is the product of sales
10、functions. (3) is beneficial to the ecological environment. Development of ecological service aim is to ease pressure on environment and development in service industry, reduce the impact on the ecological environment of human life. (4) to meet consumer needs. Ecological service can bring high added
11、 value for consumers, such as lower cost. Relative to a one-time purchase products and services, ecological service of the overall cost is low. 2 生态型服务对可持续发展的贡献。2 ecological service contribution to sustainable development. 可持续发展是一种注重长远发展的经济增长模式，是指既满足代人的需求，又不损害后代人满足其需求的能力。生态型服务能够在满足人们增加的需求的同时，对资源和环境的
12、消耗却相应减少，因此生态型服务符合可持续发展的要求。Sustainable development is a focus on long-term development of the economic growth pattern, refers to satisfy the demand of generation, and does not harm the ability of future generations to meet their demand. Ecological services to meet the needs of people increase at the
13、same time, for the consumption of resources and the environment is reduced, so the ecological service in line with the requirements of sustainable development. 2.1 生态型服务的资源环境可持续性。2.1 the sustainability of resources and environment ecological services. 2.1.1 传统服务业对环境的压力。2.1.1 traditional service indu
14、stry to the environment pressure. 服务的“无形性”或“去物质化”对生态的冲击度低，但并不是不存在的。服务业每一单位的增长都要消耗一定量的自然资源和环境资源，如果消耗不当，就会给人来带来灾难性的后果。James Salzman（2000）指出在美国虽然服务业发展显著增长，但制造业却没有下降，物质材料的减少使用因为经济活动水平的提高而抵消，他根据服务的属性和类别，把服务对生态的不同影响分为每单位服务的直接影响和累积影响，并把具有“二高”影响的服务称为“烟囱服务”，比如电力服务、医疗服务和运输服务。Terry Davies（2000）美国食品服务和食品零售店对环境的
15、影响状况，指出食品业发展给环境带来的直接影响是固体垃圾排放，空气污染和水污染以及能量消耗。我国学者吕晓纲（1999）、马立春（2003）、曲如晓（2005）也从近年来的中国饮食娱乐业、旅游和房产、信息产业、交通运输业等方面分析了服务业的发展并不能减少生态环境压力，反而造成了生态环境的破坏，对人类的生活也造成了极大地不利影响。Service of the invisibility or materialization of ecological impact degree is low, but there isnt. The growth in services per unit must c
16、onsume a certain amount of natural resources and environmental resources, if use undeserved, can give a person to have disastrous consequences. James Salzman (2000) pointed out that although services development significant growth in the United States, but not manufacturing declined, less material u
17、sed offset by raising the level of economic activity, he according to the properties and service category, divides into the different impacts on the ecological service per unit of service directly influences and cumulative effect, and the call of the impact of two high service chimney service, such
18、as electric power, medical services and transportation services. Terry Davies (2000) American food service and retail impact on the environment, pointed out that the food industry development has direct influence to the environment is solid waste emissions, air pollution and water pollution and ener
19、gy consumption. Chinese scholars Lv Xiaogang (1999), Ma Lichun (2003), song such as xiao (2005) also in recent years, the Chinese diet, the entertainment industry, information industry, tourism and real estate, transportation and so on analysis the development of the services does not reduce the eco
20、logical environment pressure, caused the destruction of the ecological environment, instead of human life has also caused greatly negative effect. 2.1.2“生态有利”的提出。2.1.2 ecological is put forward. 随着认识的深入， 特别服务经济的发展， 便产生了服务本身的环境、生态影响问题。Goedkoep（1999）、Mont（2001）提出了生态设计或产品生命周期设计的思想。生态设计除了生态设计除了考虑产品的质量性能
21、和成本外，还要考虑产品的回收与处理，减少对生态环境的不利影响。在可持续发展观念的指导下， 1997 年，世界可持续发展委员会提出了“生态有利”的思想，即“借由提供市场竞争定价的产品和服务以达成之，而这些产品和服务在满足人类需求与提升生活质量的同时，应通过产品生命周期逐渐降低对生态的冲击与资源的消耗强度，使之至少与估计的地球能力相当”。“生态有利”强调服务的作用，认为产品不过是实现满足人们需要的工具或说物质载体。“生态有利”的思想与服务经济的实际相结合便产生了生态型服务的理念和思想。With the deepening of understanding, especially the devel
22、opment of service economy, the service itself is produced in the environmental and ecological impact. Goedkoep (1999), Mont (2001) proposed the ecology design or design ideas of the product life cycle. Ecological design in addition to the ecological design in addition to considering the quality of t
23、he products performance and cost, consider the recycling and processing of products, reduce adverse impacts on the ecological environment. Under the guidance of sustainable development concept, in 1997, the commission on sustainable development put forward the thought of ecological, namely by provid
24、ing competitive market pricing of products and services to achieve, and the products and services to satisfy human needs and improve the quality of life at the same time, through the product life cycle should be gradually reduce the intensity of the impact on the ecology and resource consumption, so
25、 at least with the estimation of the earths ability to fairly. Ecological emphasizes the role of the service, but think product is tools or material carrier implementation to satisfy peoples needs. With the idea of ecological benefit, combined with the reality of each of the service economy, the eco
26、logical services of ideas and thoughts. 2.1.3 生态型服务如何减轻环境压力。2.1.3 ecological service how to alleviate environmental pressures. 生态型服务在减轻环境压力方面主要表现有：Ecological service in reducing the environmental pressure main performance are: （1）延长产品的使用寿命。Jennie Oldham（2002） 指出仔细的维修和翻新能够延长产品的使用效率，减少能源、原材料及其附加产品的消费和
27、排放。产品的保养、维修、升级来使产品的使用寿命越长，满足人们同样所需的产品数量就越少，从而减少资源、能源的耗用和对生态的压力（2）减少产品的需求量。Meijkamp R（2000）将荷兰合伙用车与私有汽车相比，得出结论说，合伙用车在减少环境压力方面有积极的作用，主要包括基于行为的因素和基于系统本身的因素两个方面，如合伙使用的汽车多属于相对轻量的汽车，这样就既减少了生产汽车本身对环境的影响，也提高了燃料使用的效率；合伙用车停车位，节省住房空间；此外，合伙用车使用化石燃料、选择燃油效率高的发动机等行为都极大的减少了环境压力。我国学者夏凯旋等（2007）对北京非正式汽车共享服务进行研究，虽然北京尚未
28、形成商业的共享服务，但还是证明了共享车的生态效率远远高于私家车，每个消费者在采纳汽车共享服务后，温室气体、臭氧、酸性气体等十一种排放物质减少了 7%-18%不等。(1) to extend the service life of the product. Jennie Oldham (2002) point out that careful maintenance and renovation can extend the use of the product efficiency, reduce energy, raw materials and the additional product
29、 consumption and emissions. Product maintenance, repair, upgrade, to make the longer service life of the product, satisfy people the same product quantity is less, thereby reducing the consumption of resources, energy and the ecological pressure (2) reduce the demand for products. Meijkamp R (2000)
30、to the Netherlands carpool compared with private cars, concluded that carpool has positive effect in reducing environmental pressure, mainly including based on the behavior of the factors and factor two aspects based on the system itself, such as partnership to use car more belong to relatively ligh
31、tweight cars, this is both reduces the production of the vehicles impact on the environment, also improve the efficiency of the fuel use; Carpool parking space, save the housing space; In addition, carpool use fossil fuels, and the choice of fuel-efficient engines greatly reduces the pressure of env
32、ironment, etc. Chinese scholars Xia Kaixuan etc. (2007) study of informal car sharing service in Beijing, while Beijing has not yet formed business Shared services, but it proved that the Shared car ecological efficiency is much higher than private cars, each consumer in the adoption of car sharing service, greenhouse gases, ozone, acid gases such as 11 kinds of emissions decreased by 7% - 18% range.
