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1、A comparative study of the differences between Chinese and English idiomsAbstractThis paper first point out the backgrounds and the definition and characteristics of idioms,include the definition of idioms and common characteristics of idioms. Then expatiates their completely different idioms using
2、habits and what and how to made it thay way,this paper compares the different idioms between English and Chinese toward four ways: geographical contidions, religious beliefs, legends and fables., histories and cultures. Finally, it concluded that translating idioms is a tough and fascinating job. Th
3、e methods proposed in this essay cannot be naturally counted as perfect, and they are likely to leave much to be desired. The essay is written only in the hope that it will be of some help to the translation of Chinese and English idioms and a better fulfillment of a translators duty as ambassador o
4、f cultural exchange. Key words: idioms, legend,religious beliefs,different, Chinese and English idiomsContentAbstract2Content3、Introduction4 、Definition and characteristics of idioms4（一）Definition of idioms4（二）common characteristics of idioms5、Cultural differences between Chinese and English idioms7
5、（一）geographical conditions8（二）religious beliefs9（三）legends and fables9（四）Histories and cultures10IV、Conclusion11V、References12A Comparative Study of the Differences Between Chinese And English Idioms、IntroductionEvery language contains a large amount of idioms, which consist of the essence of a lang
6、uage. People create them in daily lives and work during hundreds of years. Chinese and English are both languages with a long history and they have developed the abundance and variety of idioms, which make themselves more vivid, more succinct, and more profound. Idioms not only derive from cultures,
7、 but also reflect distinguishable cultural features. The reason why people like using idioms in their language so much can be summarized as some aspects. Firstly, idioms are generally short and fixed, while their meanings are profound. So they are easily used and remembered. Secondly, people sometim
8、es use idioms, instead of using a sentence or a paragraph, to achieve some rhetorical effects. Idioms play such an indispensable role in peoples daily lives that the translation of idioms is of special importance. To discuss the translation methods in respect of cultural features will be the main ta
9、sk of the following chapters. 英语的习语.载上海外国语学院外国语. 1979年第4期p.1. 、Definition and characteristics of idioms（一）Definition of idiomsIn almost all cases, Chinese idioms are referred to as “chengyu”. People may think that the English word “idiom” is equivalent to “chengyu” in Chinese because “idiom” is cust
10、omarily translated into “chengyu”. In fact, no exact equivalence can be established between the English “idiom” and the Chinese “chengyu”. Here, it is significant and necessary for us to find a satisfactory definition for each before any attempt should be made to compare the two.Some authoritative d
11、ictionaries give the definitions of the word “idiom” as follows:1succession of words whose meanings must be learnt as a whole2a group of words in a fixed order having a particular meaning, different from the meanings of each word understood on its own3a phrase which means something different from th
12、e meanings of the separate words from which it is formed4a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual wordsFrom the definitions mentioned above, we know that the word “idiom” mainly refers to “a set phrase” which should be understood as a whole
13、. While the Chinese “chengyu” can be defined broadly or narrowly, what will be discussed here are the definitions of idioms in the broad sense. To conclude the definition of Chinese “chengyu”, some references provide great help. Cihai(辞海) defines “chengyu” as “a kind of shuyu (熟语)，set phrases or wor
14、d groups that are of customary usage”.( Xia, 1999: 4699) Ciyuan(辞源) puts “chengyu” as “an old saying of common usage and those phrases or clauses which are set in form to express a complete idea.”(Cai & Fu, 1980:1186) Xiandai Hanyu Cidian(现代汉语词典) defines “chengyu” as “set phrases or clauses that peo
15、ple have customarily used for ages in terse forms and with incisive meanings.”(Lv, 2006: 173) So we can define “chengyu” as a kind of set phrase or clause, which is often quoted by the common people to express a complete and incisive meaning.林承璋英语词汇学引论 武汉大学出版社，2005年2月版 （二）common characteristics of i
16、dioms1Structural integrity An idiom is a set phrase or a sentence whose meaning should not be understood from the meanings of its individual words and which must be learnt as a whole unit. (Hornby, 2003: 734) As a general rule, no elements in idioms can be altered. Replacement of the words in an idi
17、om will ruin the integrity and alter the original meaning. An idiom such as “see red” (to be angry) can not be changed into “see scarlet” which only means to see the bright red color of something. In Chinese, we can say 三更半夜, but not 三更半晚. Neither can we turn 丧家之犬 into 丧家之狗. An idiom allows no varia
18、tion in form under normal circumstances. Unless he is consciously making a joke or attempting a play on words, a speaker or writer cannot normally do any of the following with an idiom. A. Adding a word to it (e.g. *like the father, like the son; *牵肠又挂肚) B. Deleting a word from it (e.g. *armed to th
19、e teeth; *惊弓鸟) C. Replacing a word with another (e.g. *kick a bucket; *木已成船) D. Changing its grammatical structure(e.g.*the roof is hit; *拔剑张弩)As is shown in the above examples, there are strict constraints on variation of an idiom in normal circumstances.2Figures of speech in idiomsVividness and pr
20、ofundity of idioms are partially due to their figures of speech, which enhance the impact and appeal in terms of form and meanings.Generally, the most common figures of speech applied in idioms include simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and repetition, which help to convey their meanings and to
21、achieve certain rhetorical effects.Simile：Simile is the direct comparison, in which subject, reference and indicator are all present. For example: as clear as crystal as pale as ashes as blind as a bat eat like a bird drop like a hot potato sell like hot cake 情深似海 (love as deep as the sea)2 如花似玉 (as
22、 pretty as flowers and jade) 光阴似箭 (time flies like an arrow) 如雷贯耳 (reverberate like thunder) 如出一辙 (be exactly the same as)It is clear that the English comparison is indicated in most cases by such words as “like”, “as”, while the Chinese, by words like “如”,“似”, etc. 平洪， 张国扬. 英语习语与英美文化M. 北京： 外语教学与研究出
23、版社, 1999 P24-25Metaphor ：Metaphor is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word “as”, “like”, “如” or “似”,etc. For example: a wet blanket to make a splash to blow ones own trumpet to lead a cat-and-dog life 花容月貌 (fair as a flower and beautiful as the moon) 虎头蛇尾 (to
24、begin well but fall off towards the end) 镜花水月 (flowers in a mirror and the moons reflection in water-insubstantial objects) 掌上明珠 (a pearl in the palm-a beloved daughter) 草木皆兵 (the grass and trees are thought to be enemy soldiers-imaginary fears)Metonymy：It is substituting the name of one thing for t
25、hat of another with which it is closely associated. For example: behind bars (in prison-bars stand for the bars around the prison cell) make up a purse (collect money-purse stands for money)go under the hammer (goods are sold in a auction market-hammer refers to the auction) marry money (marry a wea
26、lthy person- money is the symbol of a rich man) 巾帼英雄 (heroine; 巾帼 originally means womans headdress in ancient China and later it comes to stand for a woman) 青梅竹马 (green plum and a bamboo horse-a friendship formed in childhood) 投笔从戎 (cast aside the pen and join the army-give up intellectual pursuits
27、 for a military career)Synecdoche：When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole for a part, synecdoche is applied. For example: earn ones bread (bread stands for all the daily necessities) two heads are better than one (head stands for a man) 情人眼里出西施 (Beauty lies in lovers eyes) 之乎者也 (pedant
28、ic terms)Repetition：Repetition, meaning that the same word appears repeatedly in an idiom, is used to achieve special effects. For example: measure for measure dog eat dog to call a spade a spade diamond cut diamond 三三两两 寥寥无几 碌碌无为 含情脉脉、Cultural differences between Chinese and English idiomsCulture h
29、as influenced idioms so greatly throughout history that we can even say that culture is the cradle of idioms. In this cradle, idioms have been created, refined and developed. Idioms naturally reflect cultural features. By comparing the idioms, we can have a general idea about cultural differences be
30、tween Chinese and English idioms. （一）geographical conditionsGreat Britain is a kingdom of islands. The English people are relatively familiar to sailing so that there are a large number of idioms about sea, ship or sailing. For example: all at sea (uncertain; vague) all hands to the pump (everyone m
31、ust make a special effort) between the devil and deep sea (in a hazardous or precarious position) a drop in the ocean (a very small amount, esp. when compared with the larger amount that remains or is needed) when ones ship comes home (when one suddenly become very rich or successful) ships that pas
32、s in the night (people who meet by chance and who are unlikely to meet again)While the Chinese civilization has been built on agriculture, there are an amazing number of farming idioms. For example: 枯木逢春 (spring comes to the withered tree-to get a new lease of life) 顺藤摸瓜 (follow the vine to get the
33、melon) 斩草除根 (to cut down the grass and pull up the roots-to destroy something root and all) 瑞雪兆丰年 (a timely snow promises a good harvest) 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆 ( as you sow, so will you reap) The Chinese often use the idiom 雨后春笋(to prosper like bamboo shoots after a spring rain) to describe a rapid development
34、and a large production. The English counterpart is “like mushroom”. Fernando Chitra, Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000. Since not so much bamboo is grown in England, and even the word “bamboo” is of foreign origin, it is impossible for the English peo
35、ple to use the image of bamboo commonly in their idioms. On the contrary, Chinese people have been so familiar with bamboo and our lives had depended on it so much in the past. People ate bamboo shoots, read books inscribed on bamboo strips, wore a bamboo hat, traveled in a bamboo raft, and lived in
36、 a bamboo house and so on. Because of the close connection with bamboo, Chinese people have created many idioms around it. For example: 胸有成竹 (having a ready-formed plan) 势如破竹 (like splitting bamboo-having the irresistible force) 罄竹难书 (ones misdeeds are too numerous to record) 竹马之交 (friends from chil
37、dhood days)（二）religious beliefsReligion plays a great part in the development of history. English people mostly profess Christianity and they value the God as the supreme sage. 郭建忠. 当代美国翻译理论. 武汉： 湖北教育出版社, 1999. 59-82. Some idioms include the image of the God. For example: for Gods sake (to express i
38、rritation) honest to God (truthfully) in the lap of the gods (beyond human control) Gods gift to somebody (something seems specially created to be useful)待添加的隐藏文字内容1There are also many idioms from the Bible, the sacred writings of Christianity. For instance: fly in the ointment (the Old Testament -E
39、cclesiastes) handwriting on the wall (the Old Testament -Daniel) make bricks without straw (the Old Testament- Exodus) heap coals of fire on someones head (the Old Testament -Proverbs ) hide ones light under a bushel (the New testament-Matthew). Chinese people are chiefly influenced by Buddhism and
40、Taoism. Buddhism was introduced into China towards the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Subsequently, some idioms related to Buddhism emerged. For example: 借花献佛 ( present Buddha with flowers given by another) 回头是岸 (turn the head and the shore is at hand-to repent and be saved) 大慈大悲 (infinitely compas
41、sionate and merciful) 不二法门 (the only proper course to take) 平时不烧香,临时抱佛脚 (never burn incense when all is well but clasp Buddhas feet when in distress-do nothing until the last minute)Some idioms also came directly or indirectly from Taoism. Here are some examples: 脱胎换骨 (be reborn; thoroughly remold o
42、neself) 回光返照 (the last radiance of the setting sun-momentary recovery of consciousness just before death) 灵丹妙药 (a miraculous cure) 道高一尺,魔高一丈 (as virtue rises one foot, vice rises ten)（三）legends and fablesEnglish and Chinese differ widely in their historical backgrounds, each having its own legends a
43、nd fables on which many idioms have been based. For instance:守株待兔 (stand by a stump waiting for more hares to come and dash themselves against the stump-trust to chance and windfalls)愚公移山 (the Foolish Old Man removed the mountains-with dogged perseverance)老马识途 (an old horse knows the way-an experien
44、ced person knows the ropes) 毛遂自荐 (Mao Sui recommend himself-to recommend oneself to a post without others introduction) 精卫填海 (the mythical bird jingwei trying to fill up the sea with pebbles-dogged determination to achieve ones purpose) The English language also has idioms endowed with distinctive n
45、ational characteristics. For example: Pandoras box (a source of extensive but unforeseen troubles or problems) Achilles heel (a weakness or fault in somebody or something which may not be apparent to anybody but which if discovered can be used to damage him or it) Hobsons choice (no choice at all, e
46、sp. because one has to choose between what one is offered or nothing at all) Pyrrhic victory (a victory gained at too great cost)（四）Histories and culturesHistory culture is the culture that is formed during special process of history development. Each nation has its own history, the history culture formed during the long history river is also quite different. Therefore, when doing translation between two languages, we will meet difficulties in translation arising from differences in history culture. Histo
