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1、On Lead-in in English Teaching in Senior High School论高中英语教学中的导课艺术摘要本文从高中英语教师应该如何利用导课这一教学模式来提高学生学习英语的兴趣和吸引学生的注意力这一角度出发，对以下几点进行了阐述：（1）对教育学家提出的一些关于导课的理论的阐述；（2）导课的几个目标:激发学生的学习兴趣、吸引学生的注意力、使学生充分了解课文的背景和相应的知识以及检测教师的能力；（3）导课这一教学模式的优势；（4）导课必须遵循的规定及要求,如要严格控制导课时间、保证导课的趣味性、导课资料的实时性以及导课的恰当性；（5）导课的课前准备，其中包括老师的准备和
2、学生的准备；（6）以及导课的常用的几种行之有效的方法这几个主要方面进行分析，提出导课是高中英语教学中最不容忽视的一个环节。关键词：导课；效率；兴趣；注意力；方法；功能 AbstractFrom the perspective of how to arouse senior high school students interest and draw their attention by using the lead-in, this paper analyses six aspects of lead-in. Firstly, it analyses the theories that wer
3、e raised by some famous educationists. Secondly, it analyses the goals of the lead-in including the goal of arousing students interest, the goal of drawing students attention, the goal of getting students to know some information or background about the text, the goal of materializing the teachers o
4、wn value. Thirdly, it analyses the advantages of the lead-in. Fourthly, it analyses the requirements of lead-in, for example, the time of the lead-in should be limited, the materials of lead-in must be interesting, novelty and appropriate. Fifthly, it analyses the preparations of the lead-in includi
5、ng teachers preparations and students preparations. Finally, it analyses the methods of the lead-in. And then, this paper comes up that lead-in is the most indispensable part and the precondition of an efficient class in high school English teaching.Key words: lead-in；efficient；attention；interesting
6、 method；function Contents摘要iAbstractiiContentsiiiChapter 1 Introduction4Chapter 2 Theories of Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching6Chapter 3 Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching83.1Goals of Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching83.1.1 The Goal of Arousing Students Passion
7、 and Interest83.1.2 The Goal of Drawing Students Attention83.1.3 The Goal of Getting Students to Know Some Information or Background about the Text93.1.4 The Goal of Materializing the Teachers Own Value93.2 Advantages of Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching93.3 Requirements of Lead-in in S
8、enior High School English Teaching113.3.1 Requirements of Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching113.3.2 Requirement of Proper Method According to These Factors123.4 Preparations for Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching143.4.1 Teachers Preparations for Some Contingent Events143.4.2
9、Teachers Preparations for Different Sections163.4.3 Students Preparations183.5 Methods of Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching193.5.1 The Misunderstandings about the Methods of Giving Lead-in193.5.2 The Proper Methods of Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching193.5.3 The Proper Meth
10、ods of Lead-in for the Individual Participation203.5.4 The Proper Methods of Lead-in for the Group Participation23Chapter 4 Conclusion25Bibliography26Acknowledgements27On Lead-in in English Teaching in Senior High SchoolChapter 1 IntroductionEnglish, as a tool of communication, is used by more and m
11、ore people around the world. There are 4,000 to 5,000 living languages in the world today. Of these, English is the most widely used. Many European young people learn to speak English almost as well as their own language because they are in close contact with English speakers. Their success in North
12、 American society depends largely on how well they learn English. In this kind of English teaching, the teacher knows that students will have daily opportunity to practice speaking English. So their language learning will be constantly reinforced. Teaching English as a foreign language is much more
13、difficult. This is done in areas where English is not widely used. The teacher has to think of many ways within and outside the classroom to allow students to practice their English. Otherwise they will never have a chance to use English, and will quickly forget what they have learned. This is the d
14、ifficult task that our teachers of English in China face. Chinese young people seldom have a chance to use English, unless their teacher plans special opportunities for them to make use of it. （Ruth Hayhoe 20）Our Chinese people are aware of the importance of studying English, but it is not an easy t
15、hing for students to study and master it well, especially for senior high school students. First things first, senior high school students have to study English in order to achieve a good score to enter the university which they are eager to go. Therefore, it is only a compulsory and uninteresting p
16、rocess for them to study English, not a compulsive one at all. Secondly, the current curriculum reform advocates overall improvement of senior high school students. Studying English is not only a method for entering university, but also a practical approach to solve problems. Therefore, our senior h
17、igh school English teachers have to achieve 2 goals within 40 minutes: they teach students the knowledge which can help them enter universities, and they teach students the knowledge which can gain overall improvement according to the current curriculum reform. Finally, Chinese students do not have
18、daily opportunity to practice their English because Chinese English teachers do not allow students to do so within the limited class time. Therefore, under the existing condition, it is important for our Chinese English teachers in senior high school to improve the teaching methods continuously in o
19、rder to solve these problems. An excellent beginning is the key part of success, although it is the first step of an English class. If the way in which the teacher teaches is monotonous, students will produce a sense of boredom. On the contrary, if the way of lead-in is interesting, students will st
20、udy well and feel compulsive. Whats more, they can solve those knotty problems and meet the need of college entrance examination, overall improvement and daily opportunity for students to practice their English. As the first step of an English class, lead-in plays an important role in English class.
21、 But for a long time, in some teachers eyes, especially those who only consider examinations the first, lead-in is a waste of time, but if senior high school English teachers really want to organize their classes lively and successfully, they must never ignore lead-in. As a saying goes, “Well begun
22、is half done.” No wonder how important a lead-in is in a senior high school English class.Chapter 2 Theories of Lead-in in Senior High School English TeachingEvery experienced teacher can tell in the first few minutes whether a lesson is going to be successful and pleasing or whether he and the whol
23、e class are going to have a slow and heavy half-hour with very little practical effect on progress. Boys and girls have this feeling even more strongly than their teacher. A good start tells them that they may be sure of a happy and profitable time; if there is nothing remarkable about the way in wh
24、ich the lesson opens; they know that there will be nothing remarkable about the whole of it. They sigh and look at the clock. The interest of the class is awakened in the first few minutes of a lesson-or it is lost. The pupils at once move happily forward in the direction the teacher wants them to g
25、o or they sink into a full mud of listlessness and only a superhuman effort by the teacher can arouse at once if a lesson is to be profitable. What is happening when the class is interested, and what fails when they are interested in a lesson?One mark of interest is close attention. Observe two litt
26、le boys bending down over the road watching an insect that is new to them. They are blocking the way for other people, but that makes no difference to them; they do not see the passers-by. If you stop to see what they are doing, one of them may hastily look up to give you a quick glance, but that is
27、 to him a momentary interruption and he turns back immediately to the insect. If you speak, he will be delighted to capture your attention too, and to point excitedly to the little creature he and his friend have found. They want you to be interested too. The sign of their interest is their earnest
28、and close attention.But attention is not all. We pay attention to the tooth that is giving us toothache; but we can hardly be said to be interested in it. The second mark of interest is pleasure, the absence of displeasure and discomfort. The faces of a class of interested pupils are keen, bright an
29、d smiling; and uninterested class is dull, heavy, fidgety and restless. Pleasure and attention make up interest. Interest is, in fact, the feeling of pleasure that results from and accompanies attention; and attention is interest in attention.In order to stimulate interest we must attract the pupils
30、 attention to the subject, and do it in such a way that they have a feeling of pleasure. To keep their interest alive, we must arrange for their attention to be active and not merely receptive.（F.G. French 96）Chapter 3 Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching3.1Goals of Lead-in in Senior High
31、School English Teaching3.1.1 The Goal of Arousing Students Passion and Interest3.1.2 The Goal of Drawing Students Attention Lead-in is the first step before the teacher teaches the main knowledge. The teacher should make great effort to draw the students attention. It means that the teacher prepares
32、 not only something interesting, but also something useful which can draw students attention for quite a long time. It can make students keep paying attention to the knowledge even after class. 3.1.3 The Goal of Getting Students to Know Some Information or Background about the TextThis goal means to
33、 cause to move forward. Lead-in is the prelude of teaching progress. The teacher should show a direction of study in order to promote students activeness of study. It is important for the lead-in to get students to know some information connected with the new lesson. It can help students grasp the s
34、pirit of the text and understand it better. As a result, lead-in should be made related to the content closely in order to move forward the class smoothly.3.1.4 The Goal of Materializing the Teachers Own ValueStudents are clever, so they are sharp at teachers behavior. Its very clear for them to kno
35、w if you really know well about the topic of the text just from the lead-in. In their eyes, this is also an examination of the teachers knowledge and ability.3.2 Advantages of Lead-in in Senior High School English TeachingStudents do not have to prepare much for the class. They sit in straight rows
36、facing the teacher and the blackboard or they sit passively listening and busily taking notes. Needless to say, they have no opportunity to ask questions and participate in learning activities of their own accord. Students are just “ignorant audiences” waiting to be filled up with knowledge by the t
37、eacher. All the activities in the classroom are teacher-centered. But, a lesson is not the pouring of the wine of learning into empty passive bottles. If it were the teacher would hardly matter: any full jug can fill empty bottles, and it is a psychological error to expect a pupil to be a passive re
38、cipient of information. The most successful class is one where the students, not the teacher, do the greater part of the work. “The language teachers worst and commonest fault is talking too much. He tries to make teaching a substitute for learning, and in doing so prevents the class from learning.”
39、 Learning English, or learning anything, is a partnership where pupils and teacher work together. And to be really successful it ought to be a happy partnership. The friendly, sympathetic attitude of a teacher to a class brings out the best in both. There must be discipline, but it should be based o
40、n kindly firmness and never in any circumstances on sarcasm or ridicule at the expense of the weaker members of the class. By judicious praise the brighter students can be made aware of their progress and by patience and encouragement even dullest “Hob” can be made to feel that he is getting on. (C.
41、E. Eckersley 49)Lead-in can make the classroom collaborative and interactive.What is classroom interaction? According to Longman Dictionary, interaction is “a process by which two or more things have an effect on each other and work together”. Therefore, classroom interaction is the communication be
42、tween the teacher and students or the communication among students in the class. By using lead-in the teacher can know all the students disposition in the class, so lead-in can be something like a ice breaker. Lead-in can make it easy that students are not afraid of the teacher any more, and they ar
43、e fond of taking part in the games. When teacher put some games in lead-in, students may think it interesting first and then be eager to get involved. As a result, every student may expose their feelings and desire to interact with each other not only with teachers but also with other students in or
44、der to accomplish the games, even the one who is the shiest in the class. Therefore, that really could help both students and teachers make full use of teaching and learning resource- the learners themselves, and make the classroom more effective, and whats more, it is very good for the atmosphere o
45、f interaction. Not only are students ready and willing to work together but also they tend to learn better in a sociable environment and are more likely to stick to their studies when they feel part of a strong group. So lead-in will stimulate student involvement in the classroom.Whats more, the aim
46、 of the teachers work is not only to offer a description of the language but also through materials to create conditions in the classroom that will help students learn through active and dynamic involvement and tasks. Therefore, first impressions are important in establishing a good relationship bet
47、ween teachers and students. Foreign students often come to the classroom with many fears. Therefore, it is very important that the teacher establish a friendly, enthusiastic atmosphere free of any negative vibes. Even though students are afraid, this can be eased by a friendly smile and pleasant sma
48、ll talk. This is especially important before giving any sort of assessment test, which should be given during the first class of the term as part of class orientation.3.3 Requirements of Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching3.3.1 Requirements of Lead-in in Senior High School English Teaching Novelty is the first requirement that teachers cannot ignore.The senior high school students have less desire to learn English than to learn native language. One of the reasons is that they have no wish to integrate into English community. They just take English as a tool, an ins
