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1、第二讲 动词-ing形式及过去分词 动词-ing形式可用作动名词和现在分词，动名词由动词+ing构成，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。现在分词有一般式和完成式，在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。 一、基本概况1. 动名词、现在分词及过去分词的时态和语态V-ing动名词一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done现在分词一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done过去分词一般式/done2. 动名词、现在分词及过去分词的句法功能语法功能主语宾语宾语补足语表
2、语定语状语V-ing动名词现在分词过去分词二、基本用法1. 分词（现在分词和过去分词） 1）分词的时态和语态： 分词分为现在分词和过去分词，现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生的动作；完成式（having +过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。例如： Being a student, he was interested in books. He hurried home, looking behind him as he went. Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the
3、 place very well. 现在分词有一般式和完成式，且有主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态。如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作，就用分词完成式的被动形式。例如： The question being discussed is of great importance. Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. 过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式，没有完成式。 2）分词的用法： 作定语。分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作
4、定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：China is a developing country. A barking dog seldom bites.The man standing at the window is our teacher. Polluted air and water are harmful to peoples health.注意：现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。Can you see the star moving in the sky? 如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如： The teach
5、er criticized the student who had broken the window. 作状语：分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如： 1) Being too old, he couldnt walk that far. 2) While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.When leaving the airport, they waved agai
6、n and again to us.Seen from the hill, the city is more beautiful.3) Turning to the right, youll find a path leading to his house.Given another chance, Ill do it much better.4) Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.Admitting what she said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.5)The tea
7、cher stood there ,surrounded by the students.He walked down the hill, singing softly to himself.6)The old scientist died suddenly, leaving the project unfinished.He turned off the light, seeing nothing. 注意：a. 分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致。b. 表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。c. 有时，“with(without)+名词（或代词宾语）+分词”
8、的结构表示伴随情况。例如： The spy sat on the ground, with his hands tied behind his back. d. 当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。例如: Time permitting, I will finish another lesson. Her glasses broken, she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 作表语。例如： The newss inspiring. You shouldnt try to stand up if you are badly
9、 hurt.Hes gone.The music is much pleasing to the ear.They are satisfied with your work. 作宾语补足语。例如： We saw the teacher making the experiment. John will get his room painted. 注意：在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, listen to, notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差别的。用现在分词表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过
10、程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。例如： I saw the girl getting on the bus.I saw the girl get on the bus and drive off. He had his foot hurt in the fall.She smelt something _. (burn)Listen to the birds _ (sing) beautifully in the garden.Look at the leaves _ (fall) to the ground.He heard his name _ (call
11、)He was happy to see his mother _(take) good care of. at home.注意：1)“have +宾语+现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某种状态或干什么事；“have+宾语+过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。例如：We had the fire burning all day. (我们使火燃烧了一整天）He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服） 2）过去分词与现在分词意义上的区别：及物动词的过去分词表示“被动、完成”（不及物动词的过去分词只表示“完成”），现在分词表示“主动、进行”。动作动词的现在分词所描
12、写的常是一种“动态”情景；其过去分词所描写的往往是一种静态情景，表示动作发生后事物所处的状态，试看下面的例子： When the autumn wind blows, you can see yellow leaves falling off trees.（树叶正在下落） He fell onto the fallen leaves inches thick and didnt hurt himself（落叶） There stands a pine tree, covering the entrance of the cave.（正覆盖着，表示动作） We found his forehea
13、d covered with sweat.（描写满脸是汗的状态）2. 下列非谓语结构在语法中称为独立成分，相当于习惯的表达方式，在句中常作状语：generally/strictly speakingto tell the truthto be frankjudging fromcompared withconsidering everythinggiven（考虑到）等。如：Generally speaking, boys are more interested in sports than girls.Given their inexperience, theyve done a good j
14、ob.考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们算干得不错了。3. 动名词 1）动名词的用法： 作主语。例如： Seeing is believing. Collecting information is very important to business man. It is no use sitting here waiting.His coming here will be a great help. 注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。例如： Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火） To
15、 play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具体动作） 但在it is no use/good, not any use /good, useless等后一般用动名词。 作表语。例如： My job is teaching English. 作宾语。例如： He finished reading the book yesterday.She imagined finding a wallet on the sidewalk.He is fond of playing football.Im looking forward to meeting her. 作定语，a
16、 sitting roomThats a shop which sells walking stick.No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room. 3）动名词的时态：动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种。如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生，用动名词的一般式。例如： We are interested in collecting stamps. His coming will be of great help to us. 如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成式。例
17、如： We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 但是在某些动词或词组后，常用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。例如： On hearing the bad news，she couldnt help crying. I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time。 4）动名词的语态：动名词的被动语态也有一般式与完成式两种。当主语是这个动名词所表示的动作对象时，动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being+过去分词”或“ha
18、ving been+过去分词”构成。例如： The young man came in without being noticed. He likes being helped. He was afraid of being left at home. The house showed no sign of having been damaged. 有些动名词在句中是主动形式，但有被动的含义。例如： The house requires/needs/wants repairing. 注：在to be worth doing句型中，动名词doing表示的是被动意义。例如：If a thing i
19、s worth doing, it is worth doing well.练习 1. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 2. How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden? A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking 3. _ is a good form of exercise for both young
20、and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 4. I must apologize for _ ahead of time. Thats all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know 5You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
