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1、毕业设计（论文）Title: Analysis on Grammatical Metaphor in English Scientific News Discourse题目：英语科技新闻的语法隐喻分析 学生姓名: 喻 红 群 学 号: 08091332 指导教师: 王 可 可 专 业: 英 语 二零一二年六月AbstractThe grammatical metaphor theory has already formed a scale and has generally been recognized. According to Halliday(1985), Grammatical me
2、taphor refers to occur the process of grammar variation in grammatical level. The meaning of the word has not changed, but the characteristics of grammatical metaphor have changed. Initially, Halliday(1985) classifies grammatical metaphor into two types: ideational grammatical metaphor and interpers
3、onal grammatical metaphor. Later, Halliday proposes the notion of grammatical metaphor syndrome, and reclassifies grammatical metaphor into 13 types. Domestic and overseas linguists abundantly had researched nominalizations grammatical metaphor, especially in scientific discourse. But linguists rare
4、ly study other forms of grammatical metaphor. Therefore, the paper the key of study is: Firstly, in addition to nominalizations, the author studies other realization forms in English scientific news, such as verbalization and adjectivization. Secondly, the author studies interpersonal metaphor in En
5、glish scientific news.Based on the framework of grammatical metaphor theory, this paper is intended to conduct a statistical analysis of grammatical metaphor in 10 news about technology which are chosen randomly from VOA news. And the author finds nominalization metaphor exists 112, accounting for 6
6、8%. Adjectivization and verbalization metaphor respectively appears 25 and 28, accounting for 25% and 27% in English scientific news discourse. Then their realization forms and functions are introduced and the author finds: Firstly, there exists less interpersonal grammatical metaphor in English sci
7、entific news discourses. Secondly, ideational grammatical metaphor is the main type of grammatical metaphor and nominalization is the most important realization form of ideational grammatical metaphor. But there exists less realization form of verbalization and adjectivization. It is of great import
8、ance to explore these grammatical metaphors for us to have a better understanding of the nature of English scientific news discourses and improve the reading ability on English scientific news discourses.Key words: Ideational metaphor; Interpersonal metaphor; Scientific news摘 要现今，语法隐喻理论的研究己经初具规模，其重要
9、意义已逐步为人们所认识。韩礼德认为(1985)，语法隐喻指发生于语法层面的隐喻化过程。语法隐喻的词语意义没有发生变化，变化的是语法隐喻形状。最初韩礼德(1985)把语法隐喻分为两种类型：概念语法隐喻和人际语法隐喻。韩礼德后来又提出语法隐喻综合症的概念，并在此基础上将语法隐喻划为13种类型。国内外语言学学家对语法隐喻中的名词化隐喻进行了大量的研究，尤其在英语科技新闻中。但语言学学家们很少对语法隐喻的其他表现形式进行大量的研究。因此，本文的研究重点是：一，在英语科技新闻中，除存在名词化以外的其他表现形式,如，形容词化，动词化。二，在英语科技新闻中的人际隐喻。本文以语法隐喻理论为理论框架，从VOA新
10、闻网站上随机抽取了10篇关于科技的文章，对每种语法隐喻在英语科技新闻语篇中出现的次数进行统计并发现名词化语法隐喻出现了112处，占68%，形容词化语法隐喻出现了25处，占15%，动词化语法隐喻出现了28处，占17%。 随后通过分析概念语法隐喻和人际隐喻在科技新闻的体现形式及其功能发现：（1）在科技新闻中存在少量的人际语法隐喻（2 ）概念语法隐喻是语法隐喻的主要类型，而概念语法隐喻的最主要的体现形式是名词化，但也存在少数的形容词化和动词化的表现形式。通过研究英语科技新闻中的语法隐喻能使英语学习者更好地理解和把握英语科技语篇的特点，进而更好的提高其英语阅读能力。关键词：概念隐喻；人际隐喻；科技新闻
11、CONTENTSChapter 1 Introduction11.1 Research Background11.2 Purpose and Significance of the Study21.3 Organization of the Study2Chapter 2 Literature Review42.1 Development of Grammatical Metaphor Theory42.2 Classification of Grammatical Metaphor52.2.1 Ideational Grammatical Metaphor52.2.2. Interperso
12、nal Grammatical Metaphor62.3 Summary7Chapter 3 Grammatical Metaphor in English Scientific News Discourse93.1 Ideational Grammatical Metaphor93.1.1.Nominalization Metaphor103.1.2Adjectivization Metaphor133.1.3Verbalizaton Metaphor153.3 Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor163.4 Summary17Chapter 4 Functi
13、ons of Grammatical Metaphor in English Scientific News Discourse194.1. Functions of Ideational Grammatical Metaphor204.1.1 Function of Keeping Conciseness204.1.2 Function of Keeping Objectivity204.1.3 Function of Keeping Cohesion214.2. Functions of Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor234.2.1 Function
14、of Adjusting the Interpersonal Relationships234.2.2 Function of Expressing Subjective Opinions244.3 Summary25Chapter 5 Conclusion265.1 Major Findings265.2 Limitations and Suggestions27References28Analysis on Grammatical Metaphor in English Scientific News DiscourseChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Research
15、BackgroundGrammar is regarded as the means to reflect the relationship between the linguistic expressions and the outside world as human perceive and understand it. For example, it represents the things as nouns and quality as adjectives; it represents the process as verbs and circumstances as prepo
16、sitions. However, there are still such phenomena as the unnatural realization of logical nature through grammar. For example, when we intend to express the meaning of a decision made by the government , we use the expression the governments decision. It is Halliday who puts forward the grammatical t
17、heory systematically in 1985 in this book An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Halliday first puts forward his idea of grammatical metaphor by making an analogy between the rhetorical transference in lexis and in grammar, and points out that lexical selection is just one aspect of lexico grammatic
18、al selection. Initially, Halliday classifies grammatical metaphor into two kinds: ideational grammatical metaphor and interpersonal grammatical metaphor. Nominalizations is the most common form of ideational grammatical metaphor. Interpersonal grammatical metaphor includes metaphor of modality and m
19、etaphor of mood. And later, he reclassifies grammatical metaphor into 13 types. The birth of grammatical metaphor theory is a milestone in the history of metaphors and a breakthrough against the limitation of traditional lexical metaphor. So grammatical metaphor starts a new research method to scien
20、tific discourse.1.2 Purpose and Significance of the Study In this paper, it will employ 10 English scientific news discourses which are chosen from VOA news during 2011.1 to 2012.5 as the corpus of this research and work out a thorough analysis on those English scientific news discourses on the basi
21、s of grammatical metaphor theory. Firstly, The author tends to examine how the metaphor are classified on the basis of M.A.K. Hallidays grammatical metaphor theory? Secondly, in addition to nominalizations, the author studies other realization forms in English scientific news, such as verbalization
22、and adjectivization. Thirdly, the author studys interpersonal metaphor in English scientific news.Therefore, the significance of the present study mainly lies in the following points: Firstly, It is of great importance to explore these grammatical metaphors for us to have a better understanding of t
23、he nature of English scientific news discourses. Secondly, it is helpful for us to improve the reading ability on English scientific news discourse. 1.3 Organization of the StudyThis paper consists of five chapters. In order to conduct it in a clear way, the author will organize it in the following
24、pattern.Chapter one is the introduction to this paper. In this part, it tends to show a general picture of this paper, which includes the research background, purpose and significance of the study and the structure of this paper.Chapter two is a review on grammatical metaphor theory. In this part, i
25、t explains what is ideational metaphor and interpersonal metaphor.Chapter three is the core of this paper. In this part, it includes three aspects. Firstly, it employs the theory of ideational metaphor to analyze the realization forms of it. And the author finds nominalization is the most important
26、realization form of ideational grammatical metaphor. But there exist less realization form of verbalization and adjectivization. Secondly, it employs the theory of interpersonal metaphor to analyze the realization forms of it. Chapter four introduces the functions of grammatical metaphor in English
27、scientific new discourses. It includes functions of ideational grammatical metaphor and interpersonal grammatical metaphor in English scientific news discourses.Chapter five is the end of this paper. In this part, a conclusion will be work to finish the paper, which contains the major findings and l
28、imitations as well as suggestions.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewIn this chapter, we will take a retrospective look at development of grammatical metaphor theory and classification of grammatical metaphor. Firstly, it introduces a lot of scholars and researchers who contributed a lot to the development
29、of grammatical metaphor in various fields. Then it states ideational metaphor and interpersonal metaphor theory.2.1 Development of Grammatical Metaphor TheoryThe study of metaphor can be dated back to Aristotle, Plato, and even earlier. The word metaphor comes from the Greek word metaphor - meta mea
30、ns across and pherein means to carry. Generally speaking, metaphor means a shift from this one to that one. It concerns transference of meaning and is a special linguistic process through which people could associate different things together. During the long history, many linguistics have studied m
31、etaphor from a number of perspectives, and contribute a lot for the development of metaphor theory. But most of the studies just confine to lexical metaphor. With the development of grammatical metaphor theory, another branch of metaphor - grammatical metaphor appears and attracts much attention.The
32、 study of grammatical metaphor is firstly started by M.A.K. Halliday from the perspective of Systemic-Functionalism. He establishes the theory of grammatical metaphor in this An Introduction to Functional Gramm(1985/1994). In that book, he assumes that There is a strong grammatical element in rhetor
33、ical transference; and once we have recognized this, we will find that there is also such a phenomenon as grammatical metaphor, in which the variation is essentially in the grammatical forms despite the fact that some lexical variations are entailed as well(Halliday, 1994:342). And later, he makes f
34、urther explication about grammatical metaphor by contrasting rhetorical transference and grammatical metaphor, and draws a conclusion that metaphor is a variation in the expression of meaning rather than a variation in the meaning of expression. It means that a semantic meaning can be realized by a
35、selection of words lexico grammatically rather than simply lexically. Halliday(1985) holds that grammatical metaphor can be divided into two kinds: ideational metaphor and interpersonal metaphor. In the following section, these two different types of grammatical metaphor will be introduced in detail
36、2.2 Classification of Grammatical MetaphorHalliday(1985) holds that there are two main types of grammatical metaphor in the Clause: they are, respectively, ideational grammatical metaphor and interpersonal grammatical metaphor .2.2.1 Ideational Grammatical MetaphorHalliday thinks that Human beings a
37、ctivity experience consists of six different kinds of processes. They are material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process, behavioral process and existential process. And each process can be classified into itself, its participants and its circumstantial elements . Halliday clai
38、ms that three steps involved as follows:(i)selection of process type: material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process, behavioral process and existential process(ii)configuration of transitivity functions: Actor, Goal, Senser, Manner, etc. representing the process, its participa
39、nts, and any circumstantial elements.(iii)sequence of group-phrase classes: verbal group, nominal group, adverbial group, prepositional phrase, and their various subclasses. (Halliday,1994: 343)Halliday goes on to argue that we make the assumption that there are typical ways of saying things: that t
40、here is a systematic relationship among steps (i), (ii)and(iii)such that for any selection in meaning there will be a natural sequence of steps leading towards its realization (Halliday,1994:343). In order to help us have a better understanding, Halliday gives an example to illustrate this point: fo
41、r example, if 1 want to talk about what Mary saw, I will represent this(i)as a mental process of perception, having(ii)a structure of Process + Senser + Phenomenon, this being(iii)realized as nominal group(conscious being) + verbal group (perception) + nominal group (anything or fact); Mary saw some
42、thing wonderful.Halliday regards the natural sequence of steps as congruent expressions. If any non-typical ways of saying something are chosen at any of the three levels to express the given meaning, then comes the incongruent or metaphorical phenomenon. He believes ideational metaphor occurs possi
43、bly at each level in the selection of process style, configuration of transitivity function and sequence of group-phrase classes. However, in the discussion of ideational grammar, it is worth noting that nominalization is the single most powerful resource for creating grammatical metaphor.2.2.2. Int
44、erpersonal Grammatical Metaphor“Human beings use language to establish and maintain interpersonal relations and to express our subjective judgments an evaluation towards external world. In reality, we can also change other peoples opinions by the use of language. This is what the Interpersonal gramm
45、atical metaphor concerned”(Fan Wenfang, 2001). In other words, the interpersonal metafunction is concerned with the exchange of meanings and the interaction between speakers and listeners. The interpersonal metaphor is realized through the mood system and the modality system.Interpersonal grammatica
46、l metaphor is classified into mood metaphor and modality metaphor. A statement is realized by the declarative mood, a question by the interrogative mood and a command by the imperative mood. However, in real language, there is no simple relation between general grammatical classes and the role plays
47、 in structuring a conversation. For example, beside the imperative mood in the realization of a command, declarative and interrogative moods can also be employed to realize a command:(1) Leave the room now.(imperative) (2)Id like you to leave the room now.(declarative)(3)Can you leave the room now?(
48、interrogative) (Fan Wenfang, 2000, 117) Here, (1) is the congruent realization of the interperative mood. As we can see, the imperative mood can also be realized by the declarative mood like (2); and the interrogative mood like (3). This realization of one speech function by various mood types involves transference of grammatical units from one domain to another, or from one subdomain of the domain of mood to another subdomain of the domain of mood. The process of transference of grammatical
