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1、专四语法（独立主格）概念：独立主格是由名词和代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。“独立主格结构”。实质就是带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；名词（代词）+形容词；名词（代词）+副词；名词（代词）+不定式；名词（代词） +介词短语构成。独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。使用独立主格的结构的注意事项 （1）当状语从句的主语与主句
2、的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=class being over/ class over), the students soon left the classroom.（2）在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略：a)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.b)在There being +名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.（3）
3、在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. (比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.（4）独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如 The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.(比较动名词复合结构： The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.)（5）独立主格
4、结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。 名词或代词通常是动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动的或正在进行的动作如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to
5、say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。 名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。名词或代词是动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构，表示被动或已完成的动作如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the b
6、lackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。 名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者，表示将要发生的动作，常位于句首或句末如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。 4
7、. 名词/主格代词+形容词。常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。5. 名词/主格代词+副词。常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态如： The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。介词短语也是用来说明或代词的
8、性质特征或所处的状态如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。7. There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的
9、事了，我宣布散会。 8. It being +名词（代词）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 介词with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词 1. with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词 He spoke to us with his mouth full . 她口里含着食物跟我们说话。 2.
10、with / without + 名词或代词 + 副词 He left the office with the lights on. 他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。 3. with / without + 名词或代词 + 介词短语 The engineer came with a notebook in his hand. 那个工程师手里拿着笔记本过来了。4. with / without + 名词或代词 + -ing分词 Dont brush your teeth with water running. 不要在刷牙时让水流着。5. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式 W
11、ith so much work to do, the manager felt very worried. 这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急。6. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词的过去分词 With the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round it in another way. 由于道路被堵，他们不得不转身从另一条路绕过去。用法：独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work h
12、ad been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 3. 用作原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up
13、 late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head). 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 5.表示补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，
14、表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末 使用独立主格结构的几点注意1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如： After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了教室。2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略： (1
15、) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如： It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 (2) 在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词 在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 比较with的
16、复合结构： Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。 比较动名词复合结构： The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised. 5. 独立主格的时态问题 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如： The listeners having taken their seats, the
17、concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。独立主格结构与独立成分的异同1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从判断,Supposing 假设,等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to u
18、nderstand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。 To tell yo
19、u the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。 To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句
20、。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例)。 If time permits, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为:Time permitting, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为:Seeing from the hilltop
21、, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作依着法则(例)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作悬垂分词(例)。Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。 When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to
22、damage the roots. (人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根 Not far from the school there was a garden, _A_ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个
23、句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。 (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _C_ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that(3) He wrote a lo
24、t of novels, and many of _B_ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。 (1) There I met several people, two of _B_ being foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _B_ were for
25、eigners. A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _B_ were foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. thatThe country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _C_ at the end of last March.(2007年山东卷) A. has been launched B. having been launched C.
26、being launched D. to be launched 此题答案为 C。考查独立主格结构的用法。由于动作于去年的三月底就已经发生，所以不能选表示未来动作的不定式，即不能选 D；又由于句子用了具体的过去时间状语(at the end of last March)，故不能选完成式，即不能选 A 和 B。1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2. All things _, I think we ought to
27、 give the job to George. A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. being considered3. The river _ in the night, the crossing was impossible. A. to rise B. rose C. having risen D. being risen4. More time _, we should have done the job much better. A. to giveB. give C. being given D. given5. We s
28、hall play the match tomorrow, weather _. A. permetsB. permitting C. to permit D. permitted6. The monitor _ ill, wed better put the meeting off. A. beingB. to be C. been D. to have been7. An important lecture _ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. A. to be B. being C. bee
29、n D. to have been8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _ under his head.A. to cross B. crossed C. crossing D. to be crossing9. Tom _ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.A. having been B. been C. to D. to being10. Other things _ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A
30、. being B. to be C. beenD. having been1-5 CACDB 6-10AABAA专四真题：1（2003）agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat _ by far the biggest cereal crop.A. is B. been C. be D. being答案：D译文：农业是这个国家主要的经济来源，到目前为止小麦是最重要的谷类作物。解析：带有自己主语的非限定分局和无动词分局，在结构上和主句不发生关系。此题为独立主格结构。2. (2003)Time _, the celebra
31、tion will be held as scheduled.A. permit B. permitting C. permitted D.permits 答案：B译文：如果时间允许的话，庆祝活动将会如期举行。解析：time permitting 是一个常见的独立主格结构，表示一个条件。3.（2000）45.There_ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an e nd half an hour earlier.A.to be B. to have been C. Being D. be答案：C译文：由于没有更多的东西可讨论，会议
32、提前半小时结束了。解析：本句中的There being nothing more for discussion为独立主格结构，表示原因。4.（1996）_no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom.A. there was B.since C.being D.there being 答案：D解析：本句中there being no cause for alarm 为独立主格结构，表示原因5.(1994)The countrys chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, ca
33、rs_ the most important of these.A. have been B. are C. being D. are being 答案：D6.（1998）_, he can now only watch it on TV at home.A.obtaining not a ticket for the match B. Not obtaining a ticket for the matchC. not having obtained a ticket for the match D. not obtained a ticket fot the match答案：C模拟题：1.
34、All the investigations_ before the deadline, the staff decided to have a party as a celebration.A. been fulfilled B.had been fulfilled C.were fulfilled D. having been fulfilled答案：D解析：独立主格结构。2.Our picnic_ by the unexpected heavy rain, we went home depressed.A. was spoiled B.had been spoiled C.having
35、spoiled D.having been spoiled答案：D解析：独立主格结果。 作状语3.All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been cancelled B. were cancelledC. have been cancelled D. having been cancelled答案： D译文：因为暴风雪，所有航班被取消，所以许多乘客只好坐火车。解析：该句逗号前是一个独立结构，逻辑主语是All flights，逻辑谓语的动
36、作在那时业已完成，所以选择having been cancelled。4. When I finish the story, Lenin jumped up from his chair and started pacing the floor, _, deep in thought.A. with his head bending B. in his head bentC. his head bending D. his head bent答案：D)译文：我讲完故事后，列宁从椅子上跳了起来，开始在屋子里踱来踱去,低着头，陷入沉思。解析：his head bent 是独立结构， his hea
37、d 是逻辑主语，bent 是逻辑谓语。5. Television will be used to enable customers to shop from the comfort of their homes by simply ordering via the TV screen, payment_ by direct debit of their credit cards.A. making it B. is madeC. being made D. will be made答案：C译文：人们将使用电视在家里舒舒服服地购物，可以通过屏幕进行订货，所需支付的款项可直接从信用卡扣除。解析：此
38、句为独立主格，分句动词应用分词形式。真题训练：1. All plan _ because of the accident, they had to quit. a. having canceled b. were canceled c. having been canceled d. have been canceled2. Written in great haste, _. a. he made a lot of mistakes in the report b. there are plenty of errors in the report c. we found several mi
39、stakes in his letter d. the book is full of errors 3. silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _ it closely. a. followed b. following c. to follow d. being following 4. _ such a good chance, he planned to learn more. a. to be given b. having been given c. having given d. giving 5. Arrivin
40、g at the bus stop, _ waiting there. (1994) A. a lot of people were B.he found a lot of people C.a lot of people D.people were found 6. Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat _ by far the biggest cereal crop. A. is B. been C. be D. being 7. This missile is designed so that once_ no
41、thing can be done to retrieve it. A. fired B. being fired C. they fired D. having fired 让步状语从句8. _I like economics I like sociology much better. a. As much as b. So much c. How much d. Much as 9. Fool _Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. a. who b. as c. that d. like 10. _I sympathize, I c
42、ant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.a. as long as b. as c. while d. even 11. _he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank. a. Much as b. Much though c. As much d. Though much 结果状语从句 -Does Alan like limburgers? 2003 -Yes. So much _ that he eats th
43、em a. for b. as c. to d. so 方式状语从句 She did her work _her manager had instructed. 2002 a. as b. until c. when d. though 同位语从句 There is no doubt _the company has made the right decision on the sales project.a. why b. that c. whether d. when 2001 宾语从句 The team can handle whatever_. a. that needs handli
44、ng b. which needs handlingc. it needs handling d. needs to be handled 1997 We can assign the task to _ is capable and trustworthy. a. whomever b. who c. whom d. whoever 1994 原因状语从句 Mr. White works with a chemicals import and export company, but he _for this industrial fair, since he is on leave.a. has worked b. works c. has been working d. is working 1998条件状语从句 You wont get a loan _you can offer some security. a. lest b. in case c. unless d. other than 1996_ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. a. Having b. Given c. Giving d. Had 1996 _I was very much
