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1、 过去分词作定语、表语和宾语补足语作用与用法过去分词：表示完成和被动的动作， 具有形容词.副词的作用主要形式：done,have done, had done可作成分：定语,表语,宾语补足语和状语 1. 定语: 表示分词的动作与所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系,或指一个动作的完成。1） 单一过去分词做定语被修饰的名词之前（除了不定代词something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody，those.）E.g. It was the lost cat. =It was the cat which had lost.Nothing rep
2、orted ( in the newspaper) interested him. 2）过去分词短语作定语被修饰的名词之后单个过去分词及过去分词短语作定语均可以转换为一个定语从句 E.g. People addicted to drugs are dangerous.=People who are addicted to drugs are dangerous.This is a novel written by Luxun.=This is a novel which is written by Luxun. 【点拨】过去分词和与其相关的名词、代词之间构成一种动宾关系，即被动态。过去分词作定
3、语，主要说明业已完成的动作或是一个在以前某个未知时间发生的动作 。More examples: They reduced the number of animals used in experiments. 他们减少了用于试验的动物数量 Whats the language spoken in that country?那个国家讲的是什么语言？ Is there anything planned for tonight?今晚有什么活动吗？ They are problems left over by history?他们是历史遗留下来的问题 Suddenly there appeared a
4、young woman dressed in green. 突然出现一个穿绿衣服的青年女子 注意：过去分词和现在分词作定语一样，它的完成时（have done, had done)不能做定语。3) 其它常见的过去分词作定语的固定搭配：guided missle导弹 armed forces武装力量cooked food熟食 boiled water开水frozen food冷冻食品 canned food罐头食品fried eggs煎鸡蛋 smoked fish 熏鱼finished products成品 dried fruit果干required courses必修课 printed mat
5、ter印刷品written English书面英语 mixed feelings混杂情绪4）表示完成的过去分词作定语：faded flowers萎谢的花 fallen leaves落叶escaped prisoners逃犯 deceased wife亡妻departed friends离去的朋友a retired professor退休的教授new arrived visitors新到的客人a dated map过时的地图2.表语: 过去分词作表语,表示主语的状态且该状语通常是由外界因素引起的,这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词,是形容词化的过去分词 1）通常放在系动词be, look, sou
6、nd, smell, taste, feel，become, get, turn, grow, fall, go, come，stay, keep, remain，seem, appearturn out, prove （证明是，结果是）等后面 常见的这种过去分词有:be interested, be surprised, be astonished, be amazed, be moved, be exhausted, be worried, be devoted, be pleased, be inspired, be encouraged, be excited, be delighte
7、d, be satisfied, be scared, be frightened, be disappointed Im interested in reading novels, written (非限制性定语）by Jin Yong. 我对金庸的小说很感兴趣.2）若不是这些词，用作表语的过去分词被动意味也很弱，主要表示 动作的完成和状态，此时相当于一个形容词，或表示被动，所以句子主语为 动作的承受者，后面常跟by短语。 The glass is broken. The glass was broken by Tom. The windows are closed. The windows
8、 are closed by Jack.3. 宾语补足语 英语中有些动词，除了有一个直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语，句子才完整。过去分词作宾补，表示该动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，它对宾补作进一步的补充说明。1）作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语之间的关系 及物动词的过去分词用作宾语补足语时，宾语即是过去分词的逻辑宾语，宾语和过去分词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。E.g.: I want the letter posted. 少数不及物动词如 find, go, change, fall 等的过去分词作宾语补足语时，仅表示动作完成。因此，宾语与过去分词之间不存在逻辑上的被动关系。 E.g.: S
9、he found her necklace gone on her way home. 动词 seat, hide, dress 等的过去分词作宾语补足语一般表示处于某种状态而不表示被动的意义，因此，虽然宾语与它们存在逻辑上的主动关系，但也只能用它们的过去分词作宾语补足语。E.g.: When I came in, I found a strange girl seated in the corner. 2）需用过去分词作宾语补足语的情况 表示“意欲；命令”的动词如 like, want, wish, order 等，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。E.g.： The father wants hi
10、s daughter learnt the piano. 感官动词 see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, find 等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。E.g.：I saw an old man knocked down by a car just now. 使役动词 have, get, make, leave, keep 等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。E.g.: Have you got your films developed? “with 宾语过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词 with 的宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因
11、等状语。例如：E.g.: The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.E.g. :With water heated, we can see the steam.E.g. :With the matter settled, we all went home.注意：在这一结构中，当宾语为某一身体部位，且作宾补的动词是及物动词时，身体部位通常是过去分词的逻辑宾语，因而过去分词不可换用现在分词。E.g.: She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his f
12、ace. 当用某些不及物动词的分词形式作身体部位的宾补时，用现在分词的形式。E.g. :She felt her heart beating fast. 3)掌握“使役动词 have + 宾语过去分词”的几种含义在“ have 宾语过去分词”结构中，过去分词作宾语补足语，have 也可用 get 。这一结构具有以下几种含义：1. 意为“主语请别人做某事”。E.g.: He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow.2. 意为“主语遭遇、遭受某一不愉快、不测的事情”。E.g.: Be careful, or youll have your hands hu
13、rt. 3. 意为“使完成某事”，事情既可以是别人做完，也可以由主语参与完成。E.g.: He had the walls painted this morning. 4. 作状语过去分词作状语表示被动或完成，但有些过去分词（短语）因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表动作而表状态。这样的过去分词（短语）常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); absorbed in (全神贯注于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦)等。如：Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound. 因为沉浸在思考之中,所以他没听到
14、那个声音。过去分词作状语来源于状语从句，在句中一般能作五种状语，即时间、原因、条件、让步和方式状语。如：Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。(Caught in a heavy rain 相当于原因状语从句Because he was caught in a heavy rain) Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。(Grown in rich soil相当于条件状语从句If these seeds are gro
15、wn in rich soil)。表示伴随情况或方式: The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 训练员出现了，后面跟着六条小狗。 He walked up and down the room, lost in thought. 他在屋子时走来走去，陷入了沉思。When heated, ice can be changed into water.（时间） 冰加热时变成水。 注意：当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，才可以把从句的主语省略，且省略掉的主语与其逻辑谓语是被动关系或如第一段中所讲的表示状态。把状语从句改为过去分词作状语时有时还可
16、保留连词，构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语，即“while (when, once, until, if, though等连词)+过去分词”结构。如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。Though beaten by the opposite team, the players didnt lose heart.尽管这些球员被对方球队打败了，但他们并没有灰心。【拓展延伸】 现在分词与过去分词的区别 1.定语: 现在分词作定语常表示动作正在进行, 此时或当时的状态等; 过去分词则常表示动作发
17、生在谓语动词的动作前等;被修饰的名词一般是现在分词的逻辑主语,是过去分词的逻辑宾语 如: I know the man standing there. 我认识站在那儿的那个人. Is there anything planned for tonight? 今晚有什么活动吗? 2.表语: 现在分词作表语,具有主动的含义,意味着起这种作用; 而过去分词作表语,具有主动的含义，意味着“起这种作用”；而过去分词作表语具有被动含义，意味着“受这种影响”。如： The work was tiring. 这项工作挺累人的 The workers were soon tired. 工人们很快就感到累了 注意：
18、作表语的过去分词表示状态，构成被动语态的过去分词表示动作： The book is well written.（表语） The book was written by a soldier.（被动语态）【典型例题】1.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out【答案】C 考查宾语补足语的用法 【点拨】此考题的主句是：The managers discussed the p
19、lan检测点在其后的定语从句中，在这个定语从句里，they是其主语，would like to see 是其复合谓语，that修饰的是先行词the plan，同时that也是see的宾语，the plan是被执行的，被实施的，只有过去分词可以表示被动，所以C项的carried out 是正确答案 2. The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among the students. A. open B.opening C.having opened D. opened【答案】 D该题的考察目标为过去分词作定语的用法。【点拨】句子中com
20、puter center与open之间为被动关系。此外open作及物动词时意思为“打开，开张，开办，开设”，强调动作，不侧重状态，鼓不用形容词性的open。B、C为现在分词，不符合题意。据此判定正确答案应为D 【实战演练】1. I fell down and broke three of my teeth. I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth _. A. fix B. fixing C. fixed D. to fix2. He looked around and caught a man _ h
21、is hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting3. The visit _ to Guilin is worth remembering for ever. A. paid B. paying C. to pay D. being paid4. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone _ to the system, so does the value of a compu
22、ter system increase with each program that _. A. adding; turns on B. to have added; turn up C. to add; turns down D. added; turns out 5. When I entered his office, I saw a gun _ on the wall. A. fasten B. fastened C. fastening D. to fasten6. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see
23、 _ the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out 7. When I got there, I found the farm tools _. A. having repaired B. repaired C. repairing D. be repairing8-How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? -The key _the problem is to meet the
24、demand _ by the customers. A. to solving, making B. to solving, made C. to solve, making D. to solve ,made9.You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it _often enough. A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained 10.-There is a hole in your bag? -I know. Im going to have it _. A. mend B. mending C.mended D. to be mended参考答案 1-10 CDADB CBDDC
