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1、The study of task-based teaching1. IntroductionThe newly issued national English curriculum standard explicitly pointed out ： English curriculum must face all student, pay attention to quality cultivation, focus on each students emotion, stimulate their interests in learning English, help them to bu
2、ild sense of achievement and self-confidence in learning, keep them improving the comprehensive language ability in the learning process development, enhance humanities capabilities, cultivate the spirit of innovation. The new curriculum advocates task-based teaching mode, which lets students, under
3、 the guidance of the teachers, through the perception, experience and practice, participation and cooperation, realize the goal of mission and feel the success.Students In the era of information explosion must have good reading ability, hence training reading ability of English syllabus as the goal
4、is suitable for the social needs. Once Students have independent reading ability, they also possess the ability of self-study for their future university study or self-study lay a solid foundation. Therefore, to improve reading ability is a goal each student must achieve. In some extent, People use
5、a language is to complete the various tasks. The task-based teaching activities is to let learners By using language to finish all kinds of language activities; students are the subject of learning activity ; It is not a machine language training, but emphasize learners participation and exchange an
6、d gain knowledge and experience in finishing tasks, tend to cultivate students self to accomplish the task and strategies by executing tasks.The Task-based language teaching (TBLT) has been widely debated and studied in the field of the second language acquisition and the teaching English as a forei
7、gn language(TEFL) research. Many researches have proved that it is a creative and effective teaching approach and nowadays, more and more English teachers in China are getting conscious of its importance and applicability in their teaching practice. The first emergence of the term task in the second
8、 language teaching arrangement is concerning Communicative Language Teaching and Second Language Acquisition, and the Task-based language teaching began in the 1980s. Task-based language teaching has become a widely-spread promising methodology because it reveals the social function of the language
9、and the essence and goal of the foreign language teaching and takes the development of the learners communicative competence (Hymes, 1972) as the core of foreign language teaching. In short, the study of task-based teaching is meaningful, because our countrys reading is exam-oriented education in a
10、degree, caused students low reading speed and low reading efficiency. TBTL has its advantages to solve problems, in traditional teaching , through changing training methods, teacher-oriented into students-oriented teaching style.2. Literature Review2.1 Task-based language teaching (TBLT) 2.1.1 The d
11、efinition of Task-based language teaching (TBLT)What is a “task”? A task is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward.It is meant what people do in everyday life, at work, at play, and in between. (Long 1985:89)Nunan (1999:24) defines task-based language teachin
12、g as follows:Task-based language teaching is an approach to the design of language course in whicn the point of departure is not an ordered list of linguistic items, but a collection of tasks.Skehan defines task-based language teaching and learning as follows:” Instruction in which learners are give
13、n tasks to complete in the classroom makes the assumption that transacting tasks in this way will engage naturalistic acquisition mechanisms, cause the underlying inter language system to be stretched, and drive development forward”(1998:55).As one of the approaches of communicative teaching, TBLT w
14、as put forward in the 1980s. Some theorists and methodologists often call it Task-based Instruction or Task-based Approach as well. The aim of it is to make language classroom approximate to the target language environment. Through completing tasks, instead of learning from teacher or books, student
15、s understand how native speakers use language to communicate. It provides students with opportunities to use the target language in their daily life.2.1.2 Features of TBLTNunan(1991:279)summarized the five features of TBLT as follows:1. An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in t
16、he target language.2. The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation.3. The provision of opportunities for learners to focus not only on language, but also on the learning process itself.4. An enhancement of the learners own personal experiences as important contributing elements to
17、 classroom learning.5. An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activation outside the classroom.In Zhen Lis (2007:39) paper, she summarized the features of TBLT in reading as follows:1. The input reading materials are more authentic than those in old textbooks.2. The input readi
18、ng materials come from different ways. Even students may bring a lot of reading materials to the classroom.3. TBLT reading classes mainly have two purposes: one is to train students reading abilities, such as skimming, scanning, finding out the main idea or topic sentences etc. The other is to use w
19、hat they have learned in the text to solve problems that may happen in daily life.4. Understanding is emphasized in task-based reading classes rather than language points.5. Students do tasks by getting, processing and transforming information.6. The assessment of how students learn the passage depe
20、nds on the completion of reading tasks.2.2 The theoretical basis of TBLT2.2.1 Psycholinguistics basisThe task-based teaching method from the Soviet Union based psycholinguistics Vygotsky and psychological linguists followers about language and learning theory. Vygotsky stresses the role of learning
21、as well as teachers and companions to promote the individual learning. Task-based teaching method provides a theoretical basis for language teaching, and has the important enlightenment:The individual masters and applies the knowledge in social interaction, interaction, discovery, and learning. The
22、traditional teacher-centered mode must be reformed. People have gradually recognized, language is not a simple combination of formal rules, but a dynamic, note-centered open system. Language is a process that language skills comprehensive application. Apply learning task to organize teaching, streng
23、thening the language application and second language acquisition process fully embodies the language communication essence.2.2.2 ConstructivismThe core of Task-based teaching method is” learner-centered and people-oriented, its psychological basis is Constructivism , constructivism is a theory relat
24、e to knowledge and learning .constructivism thinks that knowledge is temporary, developing and the objective, is constructed and influenced by learners from heart ,society and culture. The peoples knowledge is developing with experience, knowledge is restructuring and reconstructed experience; Is ex
25、perience, finding and the creative process, learners can through participating in activities and the implementation task to promote ones own knowledge of the restructuring andBuilding. Once they experienced the meaning of joining in the activities and the success of constructing new knowledge, they
26、would be more active, thus speeding up the internalization of language.Constructivism as well as advises by interaction and cooperation to construct, knowledge, particularly emphasis learning through social interaction And cooperation, thinks isolated learning cannot cause the growth of knowledge, t
27、he ability to learn only through and interacting with abounding people and partners to activate various inner factors. As Fosston stated, teachers treat constructivism as the basic theory must abandon the thought that meaning can be instilled through symbols, and the view of putting knowledge can be
28、 separated from real context. Constructive teaching should provide students opportunities, let them participate in real context and a communicative meaningful activity, by themselves to find knowledge, raise questions and build their own patterns, concept and strategies, this mode can be regarded as
29、 a small society, learners can participate in activities there, build discourse and reflection. The task-based teaching method advocates characteristics and multifaceted interaction, which just can meet these requirements.2.2.3 Second Language acquisition theorySecond Language acquisition theory see
30、ks to quantify how and by what processes individuals acquire a second language. The predominant theory of second language acquisition was developed by the University of Southern Californias Steven Krashen. Krashen is a specialist in language development and acquisition, and his influential theory is
31、 widely accepted in the language learning community. There are five main components of Krashens theory. Each of the components relates to a different aspect of the language learning process. The five components are as follows:The Acquisition Learning HypothesisThe Monitor HypothesisThe Natural Order
32、 HypothesisThe Input HypothesisThe Affective Filter Hypothesis2.3 Relevant research about the application of TBLT in English readingIn some relevant researches, the researchers derive a number of questions/hypotheses from their review of theoretical literature on the subject at hand. They study the
33、relationship between a variable such as a teaching method (also called independent variable) and a second variable, such as test scores (dependent variable) on a test of reading ability, and test those dependent variables out through the exposure of assigned subjects to control and experimental grou
34、p. The data yielded by the experiment are then subjected to statistical analysis, which enable the researchers to assess the probability that the independent variable did have an effect on the dependent variable. After that, a questionnaire about students reflection toward implementing TBI is design
35、ed, distributed to both classes, and finally collected by the researcher. The researcher has found that application of Task-Based Instruction to reading teaching could improve the reading ability in senior high school. Another finding is that learners are in favor of TBI.3. The application of TBLT i
36、n teaching reading3.1 The current situation and purpose of teaching reading In recent reading test for senior high school students, the basic principles that the test designers usually focus on discourse analysis and its application as well as communication. Under the guide of those principles, the
37、reading tests, therefore, display the following features: The difficulty level of reading comprehension has been increased, the factors expressed in detail: The test focus has shifted from form to meaning; .The weighting that knowledge and ability occupies in test organization steadily rises in read
38、ing test. At present, most teachers have realized the changing, and have the belief, however, do not keep pace with times, that is, they still use the traditional teaching method spoon-fed type. For example, their teaching procedures always keep following steps: Students learn new words; Teachers ex
39、plain the text; Students begin to read the text; Students complete the reading exercises; Teachers make a comment on the answers. Reading is a process with active thinking, understanding and accepting information, is also a kind of complex intelligence activity. View from the surface, reading seems
40、to be a one-way communicative activity; actually it is the communicative activity between the author and the reader. The author puts their thoughts into the words symbols and expresses out, it is a coding process made up of phrases into sentences and discourse language. Readers reading materials, It
41、 consists of two different developing stages: the perceptual knowledge stage of recognizing text symbols and the rational knowledge stage of understanding the content, absorbing information, creative thinking coding .Reading aims at understanding the authors thought in words, so comprehension abilit
42、y is the most important read ability. The comprehension level can be divided into three levels: and critical comprehension. Literal comprehension just know the surface meaning of the text, inferential comprehension requires readers can clear understanding of the authors implication; critical compreh
43、ension require the readers express their opinions about the text. The New National English Curriculum Standards have raised some requirements for the reading teaching in senior high schools: firstly, to accelerate language learning, facilitate communicative competence, and develop reading habits. In
44、 the content, high school teachers should offer students various opportunities to expand English vocabulary, master grammatical rules and how to master the whole meaning of the article; Then, to increase students communicative awareness, cross-cultural awareness, and learning reading strategies thro
45、ugh the teaching of reading. In the New National English Curriculum Standards, “communicative awareness includes social strategies, motivation, affective strategies, confidence, cooperative awareness, and patriotism; and cross-awareness is composed of cultural knowledge, cultural understanding, and
46、cross-cultural communicative awareness ; learning strategies include cognitive strategies, communication strategies, and resources strategies” (educational department 2001:6). In addition, the New National English Curriculum Standards advocates TBLT. In the research, “learners should promote their p
47、otential and creativity to enhance their language proficiency” (educational department 2001:2), actually, teachers are the guide to make students apply strategies in the reading. 3.2 The advantages of TBLT in teaching readingProf. Chen Lin (2002) indicates there are many advantages for using TBI as
48、follows: 1. Task-Based learning has a more specific goal that is favorable to stimulate students motivation for learning. in the traditional English teaching, many teachers focus on the vocabulary, phrases and grammar, caused the depressing atmosphere, in TBLT, students are given many reading tasks
49、to complete, during the process, students levels of knowledge, comprehension and background are different, so in order to finish their own tasks, they must to collect information, take various measures to solve the problems. In this way, students exploring ability and motivation have been explored.2. In the process of completing tasks, its easy for students to see the progresses made by them and feel success, thus fa
