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1、John Langshaw Austin,Biographical Introduction,John Langshaw Austin(March 26,1911-February 8,1960)was one of the major British philosophers of language,who constructed the school of“ordinary language philosophy”with Gilbert Ryle,H.L.A.Hart,and Peter Strawson at Oxford in 1930s,sometimes the school c
2、alled“Oxford Philosophy”.Ordinary language analysis largely flourished and developed at Oxford in the 1940s.,In the field of linguistics,Austin is widely associated with the concept of the speech act and the idea that speech is itself a form of action.Austin visited Harvard several times in the mid-
3、fifties,delivering the lectures which would become How to Do Things with Words and Sense and Sensibilia.It was at this time that he met and befriended Noam Chomsky.He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1956 to 1957.,Although Austin was a philosopher of low yield,yet he never published on
4、e book during his lifetime.His ideas were mainly spread by dissertation,presentation,seminar and his students.In 1961,his students J.O.Urmson and G.J.Warnock collected and edited his ten papers,and published them in Philosophical Papers(soon after it was revised again,the third edition added up to t
5、hirteen papers in 1970).,In 1962,Urmson published Austins How to Do Things with Words如何用语言做事based on Austins William James lecture notes at Harvard University in 1955.In the same year,Warnock collected and published Austins another book Sense and Sensibilia 感觉与可感觉的事物based on Austins lecture notes ab
6、out the study of perception at Oxford between 1947 and 1959.,Speech Act Theory,Direct speech actIndirect speech actFace-threatening VS.Face-saving Constatives VS.PerformativesConstatives(述事话语):statements that either state or describe,and thus verifiablePerformatives(行事话语):sentences that dont state a
7、 fact or describe a state,and are not verifiable(perform certain acts),A speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking locutionary act:(言内行为)the act of uttering words,phrases,clausesIt is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon and phonology.Illocutionar
8、y act:(言外行为)the act of expressing the speakers intentionIt is the act preformed in saying something.perlocutionary act:(言后行为)the act performed by or resulting from saying something,(1961).Philosophical Papers.J.O.Urmson and G.J.Warnock(eds).Oxford University Press,1970.(1962a).How to Do Things with
9、Words.J.O.Urmson(ed).Oxford:Oxford University Press;Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.Second edition,eds J.O.Urmson and Marina Sbisa,1976.(1962b).Sense and Sensibilia.Reconstructed from the manuscript notes by G.J.Warnock.Oxford:Clarendon Press.,Main works,Main works,(1962c).Performatif-constati
10、f.In Cabiers de Royaumont,Philosophie No.IV:La philosophie Analytique.Trans.G.J Warnock as Philosophy and Ordinary Language.C.E.Caton(ed.).Urbana,IL:University of Illinois Press,1963.(1968).Translation of Gottlob Freges The Foundations of Arithmetic:A Logico-Mathematical Enquiry into the Concept of
11、Number.Evanstone,IL:Northwestern University Press.Second revised edition,1980.,References,Berlin,Isaiah et al.(1973).Essays on J.L.Austin.Oxford:Clarendon Press.Fann,K.T.(1969).Symposium on J.L.Austin.London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.Furberg,Mats(1971).Saying and Meaning:A Main Theme in J L.Austins P
12、hilosophy.Oxford:Blackwell.Graham,Keith(1977).J.L.Austin:A Critique of Ordinary Language Philosophy.New York:Harvester Press.Kasher,Asa(1998).Pragmatics,Critical Concepts.Vol.11:Speech Act Theory and Particular Speech Acts.London:Routledge.Levinson,Stephen C.(1983).Pragmatics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Searle,John R.(1969).Speech Acts.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Vanderveken,Daniel(1990,1991).Meaning and Speech Acts.Vols I-II.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Warnock,G.J.(1991).J.L.Austin.London:Routledge.,
