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1、中国文化概况,主讲教师:朱丽明,Allusions,画蛇添足：It is like adding extra feet to a snake when it is draw up.南辕北辙：Going to eh south by driving the carriage northward鹬蚌相争：When a snipe grapples with a clam,the fisherman will benefit.,Fundamental Traits of the Chinese Nation,The traditional Chinese culture has been devel
2、oped under specific geographical and historical conditions.China lies in the eastern continent of Asia;hence it is located in the relatively enclosed geographical surroundings.In the north stretches the vast desert and prairie;in the west,the vast expanse of desert and impassable plateau;in the sout
3、hwest,boundless tropical rain forests;in the east and southeast,the ocean.This relatively enclosed geographical location facilitated the ancient Chinese culture for its relatively independent development so as to enable it to be free from the impact of foreign cultures and to form a stable and indep
4、endent cultural system of a long history.,Fundamental Traits of the Chinese Nation,Consequently,the exploitation of agriculture was also undertaken in the valley of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River.This area,during the Southern Wei and the Jin dynasties,became the main agricultural zone in the
5、Tang Dynasty.Therefore,Chinas ancient civilization can also be called as civilization of agriculture,which turned the scales in forming and promoting the traditional Chinese culture and therefore constituted its fundamental differences from the European traditional culture.The social system that the
6、 traditional Chinese culture relied upon was patriarchal relations(宗法制度)and autocratic system.The stable life of agriculture made it possible for clansmen to live together,which grew into a traditional way of life.Blood relationship became a kind of strong social tie.Social classes were divided acco
7、rding to the close or distant blood relationship with the ruling royal family in order to strengthen the unity of the state.,Five Characteristics of Chinese Culture,Vitality,Continuity and Inclusiveness 强大的生命力及持续性和包容性The Conception of Great National Unity and Values of Collectivism 大一统的观念和注重整体利益的价值取
8、向Seeking for Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium,Peace and Content 求和谐,主平衡的世界观和安土乐天的生活情趣 The Culture of Human Relations and the Rational Attitude to Reality 注重现实的理性态度和人伦文化The Dialectical Pattern of Thought and the Way of Thinking in the Mode of Confucian Classics Study辩证思维和经学思维,Vitality,Continuity a
9、nd Inclusiveness,Throughout history,the traditional Chinese culture has displayed great vitality.It has survived all kinds of ordeal and turmoil,manifesting its capacity of regeneration.Hence it was also characterized by a stable continuity.,The Conception of Great National Unity and Values of Colle
10、ctivism,Chinese traditional values attached great importance to the commonweal,or collective interest.Derived from Chinese traditional society,they forcefully standardized the development of Chinas traditional society.,Seeking for Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium（平衡）,Peace and Content,In terms of
11、 world outlook,Chinas traditional society based on the civilization of agriculture advocated the theory that man is an integral part of nature and the notion of the golden mean.“中庸”The world outlook of seeking harmony and equilibrium also found its expression in the notion of the golden mean,which w
12、as also a product of agricultural civilization.This notion lays special emphasis on the social internal relationship with the purpose of seeking equilibrium within the society and keeping the society stable.,The Culture of Human Relations and the Rational Attitude to Reality,China s ancient society
13、was of the nature of patriarchal society,in which man was taken as the fundamental.The society valued human relations and meditation of various social relations by morality;hence both the rational disposition towards reality and the culture of human relations.,The Dialectical 辩证的Pattern of Thought a
14、nd the Way of Thinking in the Mode of Confucian Classics Study,In light of the characteristics of Chinese traditional patterns of thought,the traditional Chinese modes of thinking can be labelled as the dialectical way of thinking and the thinking in the mode of Confucian classics study.These two wa
15、ys of thinking exist side by side.In contrast to the dialectical thinking was the thinking in the mode of Confucian classics study.The traditional Chinese culture worshiped the sages and men of virtue and kept a blind faith in the study of classics.This way of thinking was stereotyped by taking for
16、maxims the words of sages and men of virtue in expounding（解释）their ideas.Confucius proposed for retelling the works of the predecessors without contributing new ideas.,Other Traits of the Chinese Nation,Face Long Term Orientation,Face,Chinese face values,lian,mianzi,“Lian”represents the confidence o
17、f society in the integrity of egos moral character,loss of which makes it impossible for him to function properly within the community.When“lian”is lost,the person will feel that he/she can no longer live in the world.Eg:Youve lost all my face.我的脸都被你丢光啦。,Face,Chinese face values,lian,mianzi,“mian-zi
18、”stands for the kind of prestige that is emphasized,a reputation achieved through getting on in life,through success.Eg.Give me a mount of face,please.Dont chat in class.请给我点儿面子吧，别在课堂上聊天。,Long Term Orientation,The time dimension for Chinese has two orientations:past-time orientation and community.Th
19、is implies that for Chinese,once a relation is established it is hard to break and once a relation is broken,it is very difficult to reestablish.Once a relationship is established,both parties will try their best to keep this relationship by reciprocating(互换)benefits.,Harmony,The Confucianism encour
20、ages individuals to avoid competition and conflict,and to maintain inner harmony.Relationships cannot survive without harmony between two parties in a relationship.Without harmonious relationships,trust cannot be established,face cannot be saved,reciprocity(相互利益)will not continue and no further rela
21、tionships can be established.,Collectivism,Individualism Fostering independence and individual achievement;Promoting self-expression,individual thinking and personal choiceAssociated with private property,individual ownership,CollectivismFostering interdependence and group successPromoting adherence
22、 to norms,respect for authority elders,group consensus(一致)Associated with shared property,group ownership.,Collectivism means that group interest prevail over person interest.(集体利益高于个人利益),Confucius(551B.C.-479B.C.),Confucius was born in the State of Lu,and lived during the later part of the Spring a
23、nd Autumn period more than 2500 years ago.His political ideas emphasized order,hierarchy(阶级等级)and the rule of a benevolent sovereign.,Doctrines of Confucius,Ren 仁The essence of all Confucius Teachings can be summed up under this one word Ren.Ren has been translated into different English terms,such
24、as benevolence,kindness,humanity,humaneness,goodness,social virtue etc,but none of these interpretations is equivalent enough to the original term.In fact all those virtues which help to maintain social harmony and peace like benevolence(仁爱),charity,magnanimity（高尚）,sincerity,respectfulness,altruism,
25、(利他)diligence,loving kindness,goodness are included in the concept or Ren.,Doctrines of Confucius,When a disciple asked Confucius what about Ren,he answered:“仁者人也,仁者爱人.”Meaning that Ren is what it means to be a real man and to love.Confucius also said,“not inflicting on others that which you do not
26、want yourself.”己所不欲,勿施于人.,Doctrines of Confucius,Li 礼It is often translated as propriety,rite,courtesy,and politeness.If Ren is the inner ideal of the sage,Li is the outward expression.Li for Confucius is the greatest principle of living.When people live by Li the society will attain order and harmo
27、ny.,Doctrines of Confucius,Government by VirtueVirtue is central to Confucius ideas.Confucius said that a ruler who governed his state by virtue was like the North Star,which remained in its place while all the other stars surrounded it.为政以德,譬如北辰居其所而众星共之.,Doctrines of Confucius,Governing by virtue h
28、as been the political tradition of China since ancient times.Even today,the government officials are urged to set good examples for the common people.Virtue has been the most basic criteria of leadership selection and judgment of good governors.In everyday life the Chinese also place great significa
29、nce on moral qualities of people in different relationships.In dealing with many important life problems such as making friends,selecting ones fiance,good moral qualities are the first and foremost concern.,Doctrines of Confucius,Zhongyong 中庸Zhongyong is the doctrine of the mean advocated by Confuci
30、us which plays an important role in shaping the Chinese national character and approaches to their life problems.This term had been translated as the Middle Way,the Mean,and the Constant Mean.The ideology of Zhongyong is most explicitly expounded in one of the Four Books of Confucian classic the Doc
31、trine of the Mean.(中庸),Doctrines of Confucius,Zhongyong does not mean to compromise or take the neutral position in case of conflicts.“The Mean”in the mind of Confucius implies moderation of ones behavior,and standing“central and balanced”in dealing with management of things or human beings.The Chin
32、ese values of harmony,modesty,stability and endurance can all find their roots in the Confucian concept of Zhongyong.,Influence of Confucius and Confucianism,Confuciuss influence on the Chinese culture is pervasive and far-reaching.His philosophical contributions are manifested in his ideas about et
33、hics,the government,school,family and education.He invented the elicitation(启发式)method nearly one hundred years earlier than the Socratic(苏格拉底)dialogue and was the first to challenge the spoon-feeding method of teaching.He advocated quality between teacher and student and encouraged students to form opinions of their own.,
