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1、 Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Icons of Evolution,Dr.Heinz L,Every demagogue,every humorist,every advertising executive,has known and exploited the evocative powerof a well-chosen picture,Stephen Jay Gould,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Origins Evolution or Creation?,“No educated person any longer questions the validity of
2、the so-called theory of evolution,which we now know to be a simple fact.”Ernst Mayr,Scientific American,July 2000.“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.”(Neo-Darwinist)Theodosius Dobzhansky,1973.Lets look at the scientific evidence,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Origins-Evolution or Cr
3、eation?,“Science is the search for truth”Hypothesis,theory,model,law,or fact?Fact proven to be trueLaw no known exceptionTheory testable,falsifiable,based on empirical findingsHypothesis provisionally explains some factModel simplified representation of realityWhich is Evolution?Creation?A model let
4、s see why,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,“Theory”of Evolution,Theory:“A time-tested concept that makes useful dependable predictions about the natural world.”It must therefore:Make accurate predictionsNot have any known contradictionsBe repeatableEvolution:Is based on random mutations cannot make dependable pred
5、ictionsHas many known contradictionsHappened in the past not repeatable,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,The Limits of Science,“Ideas like absolute correctness,absolute accuracy,final truth,etc.are illusions which have no place in any science.”Max Born,Nobel Laureate(1882-1970)“A new scientific truth is usually no
6、t propagated in such a way that opponents become convinced and discard their previous views.No,the adversaries eventually die off,and the upcoming generation is familiarized anew with the truth.”Max Planck,Nobel Laureate(1858-1947),Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Biological Evolution,The“theory”that all living th
7、ings are modified descendants of a common ancestor that lived in the distant past:We are descendants of ape-like ancestorsApes are descendants of more primitive animalsLiving things share common ancestorsEvolutionary changes(mutations,natural selection)give rise to new speciesCalled“Descent with mod
8、ification”by DarwinEvolution requires time,and lots of it!,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Where is the Evidence?,Life from non-life?Transitional fossils?Geological column?New species appearing?Old species dying off?Beneficial mutations?Increasing complexity in living organisms?,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Evolution Under
9、Attack,Creation ScienceInstitute for Creation Research(ICR)Answers In Genesis(AIG)Intelligent Design MovementPhillip E.Johnson,Darwin on TrialMichael Behe,Darwins Black BoxWilliam Dembski,The Design InferenceJonathan Wells,Icons of Evolution,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Icons of Evolution,“The iconography of p
10、ersuasion strikes even closer than words to the core of our being.Every demagogue,every humorist,every advertising executive,has known and exploited the evocative power of a well-chosen picture But many of our pictures are incarnations of concepts masquerading as neutral descriptions of nature.These
11、 are the most potent sources of conformity,since ideas passing as descriptions lead us to equate the tentative with the unambiguously factual.”Stephen Jay Gould,Wonderful Life(New York:W.W.Norton,1989,p.28),Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Icons of Evolution Book Review,“If you think that evolutionary theory is a
12、threat to civilization,you will enjoy this book in its entirety.If you are simply interested in the guilty pleasure of seeing scientists behaving badly,there is a lot here for you,too.The examples are well drawn and documented.If Wells made a technical error,I missed it.”“I think he is to be commend
13、ed for his care and,on balance,the book provides an interesting insight into how science actually works and why it sometimes fails.”,Larry Martin,evolutionary biologist,University of Kansas,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Comments by Phillip Johnson,“From time to time educational leaders contemplate starting a ne
14、w kind of educational program to prepare science students to debate the issues in public.Such a program would be a disaster for the Darwinists if it ever got off the ground because you cant teach students to argue a case competently without familiarizing them with the best arguments on the other sid
15、e.To refute Michael Behe and William Dembski the students would have to study their books,and in the process they would learn about irreducible complexity and the nature of complex specified genetic information.”,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Johnson Comments(contd),“The students would also need to learn about
16、such things as the defects in the peppered moth story,the fraud in the Haeckel embryo drawings,the mystery of the Cambrian explosion and what Darwinists really believe about the implications of Darwinism for religion.Before this education went very far,the authorities would have a mutiny on their ha
17、nds.The Darwinists cannot change their tactics because any true education in evolution would cast the clear light of analysis on assumptions that cannot survive it.”Phil Johnson,The Wedge of Truth,2000,p.147-48,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Ten Icons of Evolution,The Miller-Urey ExperimentDarwins Tree of LifeHo
18、mology in Vertebrate LimbsHaeckels EmbryosArchaeopteryx The Missing LinkPeppered MothsDarwins FinchesFour-Winged Fruit FliesFossil Horses and Directed EvolutionFrom Ape to Human:The Ultimate Icon!,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,#1-Miller-Urey Experiment,In the 1920s the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis surmised that ch
19、emicals produced in the atmosphere dissolved in the primordial seas to form a“hot dilute soup”,from which the first living cells emerged.The results:Captured imagination of many scientistsUntested hypothesis until the Miller-Urey experiment in 1953Found its way into high school and college biology t
20、extbooks,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Miller-Urey Equipment,The equipment consisted ofA vacuum lineHigh-voltage spark electrodesCondenser with circulating cold waterTrap to prevent backflowFlask for boiling water and collecting reaction productsSealed tube,broken later to remove reaction products for analysis,
21、Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Some Basic Terminology,Atoms-The basic unit of matterMolecules-Specific arrangement of atoms(H2O)Amino Acids-Specific arrangement of moleculesProteins-Specific arrangement of amino acids,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Experimental Results,The Miller-Urey device produced(either in this experimen
22、t or subsequent variations)many of the basic building blocks of:Proteins(amino acids)Nucleic acids(ribose,purines and pyrimidines)Polysaccharides(sugars)Fats(fatty acids and glycerol)The building blocks were found,not the actual macromoleculesAlong with these building blocks,there were many other mo
23、lecules not found in organisms,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Experiment Does Not Prove Life Evolved From Non-Life,Miller-Urey experiment assumed an early earth atmosphere consisting of ammonia,water,hydrogen and methaneDid the primitive atmosphere really lack oxygen?Oxygen must have been there because lighter g
24、ases would escape into the atmosphere.Chemical evolution would have been inhibited by oxygenGeologists determined,by examining rocks“dated”to be 3.7 billion years old,that earth had an oxygenic atmosphereOrigin-of-life scientists ignored the evidence for oxygen in the early earth atmosphere.Oxygen i
25、s an“oxidizing”agent and would inhibit chemical evolutionThe Miller-Urey experiment assumed the wrong gas mixtureExperiment produced the wrong amino acids right-handed rather than left-handed,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,The Miller-Urey Experiment Debunked,“The likelihood of life having occurred through a chem
26、ical accident is,for all intents and purposes,zero.”Robert Gange,Ph.D.,Origins and Destiny,1986,p.77.“Since Millers beguiling picture of a pond full of dissolved amino acids under a reducing atmosphere has been discredited,a new beguiling picture has come to take its place.The new picture has life o
27、riginating in a hot,deep,dark little hole on the ocean floor.”Freeman Dyson,Origins of Life,1999,pp.25-26.(Dyson is a Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and a member of NAS.),Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Conclusion#1,Textbooks include a picture of Miller-Urey apparatus with caption clai
28、ming or implying that the experiment simulated conditions on the early earthNo mention of experiments flawsLeaves student with impression that it demonstrates how lifes building blocks formed on the early earth.,WARNING:The Miller-Urey experiment probably did not simulate the earths early atmosphere
29、;it does not demonstrate how lifes building blocks originated.,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,#2-Darwins Tree of Life,The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree.I believe this simile largely speaks the truth.The green and budding twigs may represent existin
30、g species;and those produced during each former year may represent the long succession of extinct species.The limbs divided into great branches,and these into lesser and lesser branches,.From the branch,so by generation I believe it has been with the Tree of Life,which fills with its dead and broken
31、 branches the crust of the earth,and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications(Charles Darwin,1859).,The Tree of Life from Darwins notebook of 1837,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,The Evolution of Life,All species evolved over billions of years from a common ancestor,Dr.Heinz Lycklama
32、,A Quote From Darwin,“Why is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links?Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain;and this is the most obvious and serious objection which can be urged against the theory.”Charles Darwin,Origin of S
33、pecies,6th Ed.,1872,p.413.,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,The Coelacanth,Extinct for 70 million years1938 living coelacanths were foundIt is still 100%fish,The front fins(lobes)are still fins,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,What Does The Evidence Say?,“There is no question that such gaps exist.A big gap appears at the beginni
34、ng of the Cambrian explosion,over 500 million years ago,when great numbers of new species suddenly appeared in the fossil record.”David Berlinski(evolutionist),A Tour of the Calculus,1995“However,we have virtually no evidence in the fossil record or elsewhere for any of the changes proposed during t
35、his immensity of time;but the public hears nothing of this problem.”Aerial Roth(Ph.D.Zoology),Origins,p.189.,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Darwins Tree of Life Debunked,Living things are all very differentThe fossil record shows that“phylum-level”differences appear at the lowest levels,i.e.in the Cambrian perio
36、d.This has been referred to as“the Cambrian explosion.”,There is no fossil evidence connecting Cambrian animals to organisms preceding them.There is no long history of gradual divergence predicted by Darwin The Cambrian explosion gave rise to most of the animal phyla alive today,as well as some phyl
37、a that are now extinct,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,The Argument Continues,In an attempt to preserve Darwins theory,paleontologists have argued:The apparent absence of Precambrian ancestors is due to the fragmentary fossil recordAny Precambrian ancestors would not have fossilized because they were too small or
38、 because they were soft-bodiedMolecular comparisons among living organisms point to a hypothetical common ancestor hundreds of millions of years before the CambrianThe fossil record and the molecular evidence have uprooted Darwins“Tree of Life.”,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Quote From Colin Patterson,“I fully
39、agree with your comments on the lack of direct illustration of evolutionary transitions in my book.If I knew of any,fossil or living,I would certainly have included them.I will lay it on the linethere is not one such fossil for which one could make a watertight argument.”Colin Patterson,the senior p
40、aleontologist at the British Museum of Natural History in London and author of the museums general text on evolution,in a letter dated April 10,1979.,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Summary of Fossil Record,“Given the fact of evolution,one would expect the fossils to document a gradual steady change from ancestra
41、l forms to the descendants.But this is not what the paleontologists finds.Instead,he or she finds gaps in just about every phyletic series.”Ernst Mayr(Professor Emeritus in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University,Hailed as the Darwin of the 20th century),What Evolution Is,2001,p.14.,
42、Is Evolution a Matter of Faith?,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,#3-Homology in Vertebrate Limbs,Forelimbs of:Bat(flying)Porpoise(swimming)Horse(running)Human(grasping)showing bones considered to be homologous(similar structure),Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Homology Discussion,Creationists regard organisms as constructed on
43、a common plan(i.e.designed for similar purpose)Darwin explained homology on the basis of the“theory of descent with slow and slight modifications”The evolutionists explanation attributes homologous features to similar genes inherited from a common ancestorDarwins followers later redefined homology t
44、o mean“similarity due to common ancestry”This leads to circular reasoningSome similar structures are not acquired through common ancestry e.g.octopus eye and human eye,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Homology Theory Debunked,The development of the digits proceeds from posterior to anterior direction in frogs,but
45、from head to tail in salamanders.The neo-Darwinian explanation of developmental genetics presupposes that homologous structures in two different organisms are produced by similar genes,and that homologous structures are not produced by different genes this is now known NOT to be the case.It has also
46、 been discovered that non-homologous structures commonly arise from identical genes.,“the inheritance of homologous structures from a common ancestor cannot be ascribed to identity of genes”,Biologist de Beer,1971,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,#4-Haeckels Embryos,The embryos shown are(left to right)fish,salaman
47、der,tortoise,chick,hog,calf,rabbit and human representing 5 of the 7 vertebrate classes.Haeckel omitted two classes of vertebrate(jawless and cartilaginous fishes)entirely,and half of the embryos are mammals-thus using a biased sample,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Darwins Reliance on Haeckel,Darwins statements
48、in“Origin of Species”depended on Haeckels work:“The embryos of the most distinct species belonging to the same class are closely similar,but becomes,when fully developed,widely dissimilar.”“With many animals the embryonic or larval stages show us,more or less completely,the condition of the progenit
49、or of the whole group in its adult state.”Darwin considered these similarities in early embryos“by far the strongest single class of facts in favor of”his theory.,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Haeckels Fraud,The dissimilarity of early embryos has been well-known for more than a century.Haeckels drawings are mis
50、leading in three ways:They include only those classes and orders that come closest to fitting Haeckels theoryThey distort the embryos they purport to showThey entirely omit earlier stages in which vertebrate embryos look very different,Evidence twisted to fit a theory!,Dr.Heinz Lycklama,Haeckel vs.R
