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1、Computer and Information ScienceFebruary, 2009Design of the Closed Loop Speed Control System for DC MotorGuoliang ZhongCollege of Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510640, ChinaE-mail: zhgl2chlCollege of Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSouth Chin
2、a University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510640, ChinaLiangzhong JiangE-mail: jianglzh88The research is financed by the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Key Projects (No. 2004A10403006).(Sponsoring information)AbstractThis article introduces the speed control principle of DC motor, expatiates o
3、n the speed control system takingPIC16F877 SCM as the main control component, utilizes the characters of catching module, comparing module andanalog-to-digital conversion module in PIC16F877 SCM to be the trigger circuit, and gives the program flow chart. Thesystem has many advantages including simp
4、le structure, synchronization with the main circuit, stable shifting phase andenough shifting phase range, the control angle of 10000 steps, stepless smooth control of motor, steep pulse front edge,enough amplitude value, setting pulse width, good stability and anti-jamming, and cheap cost, and this
5、 speed controlsystem with good practical values can be realized easily.Keywords: PIC16F877, DC motor speed control, Control circuit, PI control algorithm1. IntroductionThe quick development of electric technology makes the speed control of DC motor gradually translate from analog todigital, and at p
6、resent, the KZ-D towage system which extensively adopts the thyristor equipment (i.e. silicon controlledthyristor, SCR) in the electrical towage control systems to supply power to electromotor has replaced cumbersome F-Dsystem of generator-electromotor, and especially the application of SCM technolo
7、gy makes the speed controltechnology of DC motor enter into a new phase. In the DC governor system, there are many sorts of control circuit.SCM has many advantages such as high performance, quick speed, small volume, cheap price and reliable stability,extensive application and strong currency, and i
8、t can increase the ability of control and fulfill the requirement ofreal-time control (quick reaction). The control circuit adopting analogy or digital circuit can be implemented by SCM.In this article, we will introduce a sort of DC motor speed control system based on SCM PIC16F877.2. Speed regulat
9、ion principle of DC motorIn Figure 1, the armature voltage is U a , the armature current is I a , the total resistance of armature loop is Ra , themotor constant is Ca , and the excitation flux is. According to KVL equation, the rotate speed of the motor is95Vol. 2, No. 1Computer and Information Sci
10、encenpNCaU a I a RaCapN60aU aI a RaU aTd (k ) Td k 1TIa0-27Kp 1Tia0e ka1e k 1Td (k 1) 0.84e k0.63e k 1a1TfKpT TdWhere, p is the pole-pairs, N is the number of turns. For the motor that the armature spur track number is a, themotor constant CapN , that means when the motor is confirmed, the value is
11、fixed. But in60aU aI a Ra , because Ra isonly the winding resistance, so I a Ra is very small, and U a I a Ra U a . So it is obvious that when we change thearmature voltage, the rotate speedn changes with that.3. System composition and work principle3.1 Module frame of system hardware structureThe m
12、odule block diagram of system hardware is seen in Figure 2.3.2 Work principle of the systemThe system is mainly composed by master switch, motor exciting circuit, thyristor speed control circuit (includingtachometer circuit), rectifying filter circuit, flat wave reactor and discharge circuit, energy
13、 consumption braking circuit,and the system adopts the closed loop PI regulator to implement control. When the master switch closes, thesingle-phase AC obtains continual current with small pulse through the control of thyristor speed control circuit, andbridge rectifier, filtering and flat wave reac
14、tor for the motor, and at the same time, through the rectifying of excitingcircuit, AC makes the motor obtain excitation to begin to work. The speed in the regulation trigger circuit sets thepotentiometer RP1 to make the control angle output by PIC16F877 decrease when AN1 input voltage decreases, an
15、d theflow angle of thyristor increases with that, and the output voltage of main circuit increase, and the motor speedincreases, and the output voltage of tachometer circuit increases, and the motor stably runs in the setting speed rangethrough the function of PI regulator.4. Circuit designs of vari
16、ous parts in the system4.1 Design of main circuitThe parameters of various components in the circuit are seen in Figure 3.Press the start-up button SW, electrify the contactor KM loop, and KM normally open contact closes, and the normallyclosed contact opens, and start the button self-lock, the main
17、 circuit connects, and the thyristor speed control circuitcontrols the AC output through changing the control angle of bidirectional thyristor, and obtains the DC through bridgerectifying and filtering, and at the same time, the motor obtains the excitation through rectifying of exciting circuit tob
18、egin to work.To limit the pulsation of DC, connect the flat wave reactor in the circuit, and the resistance R3 offers discharge loop forthe flat wave reactor when the master circuit suddenly breaks off.To quicken braking and stopping, the energy consumption braking is adopted in the equipment, and t
19、he braking part iscomposed by the resistance R4 and master circuit contactor normally closed contact.The motor excitation is powered by the single rectifying circuit, and to prevent the uncontrollable high speed accidentinduced by the excitation loss of motor, in the exciting circuit, serially conne
20、ct the under-current relay KA, and theaction current can be regulated through the potentiometer RP.4.2 Design of thyristor trigger circuitThe voltages at the point A and the point B in the main circuit change to 20V through the transformer, and after bridgerectifying, the half signals about 100H occ
21、ur at these two points, and the signals meet with NPN audion throughvoltage-division R6 and R7 to amplify, produce zero passage pulse at the collector of the audion, and catch the zeropassage pulse ascending edge by CCP1 module and note the time of occurrence first, and catch the zero passage pulsed
22、escending edge, and the time difference between both is the zero passage pulse width, and the half of the value is themidpoint of pulse, and by this catching mode, we can exactly obtain the actual zero passage point of AC, and at the96Computer and Information ScienceFebruary, 2009same time, we can u
23、tilize ADC analog/digital conversion module to translate the simulation voltage of PIC16F877 pinRA1/AN1 as the setting value of thyristor control angle (setting value of motor speed), change the setting value ofpotentiometer RP1 and correspondingly change the setting value of thyristor control angle
24、, and the output value oftachometer circuit is input by the pin RA1/AN1 of PIC16F877, and the value is taken as the speed feedback valuethrough A/D conversion. The oscillation frequency of SCM in the system adopts 4MHz, and according to the characterof PIC16F877 order period, the resolution of thyri
25、stor control angle is the reciprocal of one fourth of SCM oscillationfrequency, i.e. 1s, for the half wave time of 10ms of the power, the control angle can achieve 10000 steps, which cancompletely realize the stepless smooth control of motor.4.3 Design of tachometer circuitThe tachometer circuit is
26、composed by the optical coded disc accreting with motor rotor and the electric pulseamplifying and shaping circuit. The frequency of electric pulse has fixed proportion with the rotate speed of motor, andthrough amplifying and shaping, the electric pulse output by the optical coded disc is input fro
27、m the pins RC0/T1CK1of PIC16F877 as the standard TTL level, count by the TMR1 counter to compute the rotate speed, and compare thisrotate speed with the presetting rotate speed and obtain the difference value, and PIC16F877 implements PI operation tothis difference value to obtain the control increa
28、se, and send the thyristor control angle in CCP2 to change the effectivevoltage of two ports of the motor, and finally control the rotate speed.5. Software designTo obtain small super modulation of thyristor control angle, we design the speed closed control as the typical I system,i.e. PI regulator,
29、 which is used to regulate the thyristor control angle time Td , and its control algorithm isTd (k ) Td k 1TIa0-32Kp 1Tia0e ka1e k 1Td (k 1) 0.84e k0.63e k 1Where, a1Kp , Kp is the proportion coefficient of controller, TI is the integral time constant, and Ti is thesampling cycle.Considering that th
30、e motor time constant of electromotor in the system is 0.12s, the warps couldnt be eliminated inseveral sampling cycles, so we select 2ms as the tachometer sampling cycle in the system.The software design module in the system mainly includes CCP1 ascending catching module, CCP1 descendingcatching mo
31、dule, control angle setting value A/D conversion module, tachometer circuit pulse timing counting module,PI regulator module and CCP2 comparison output module, and the program flow charts are seen in Figure 5 and Figure6.Suppose we obtain the zero-pass time T , and the thyristor control angle time i
32、s Td , so the comparison value which issent into CCP2 register CCPR2H:L is Tf T Td , and when the comparison is consistent, output high level in the pinof CCP2 to make the thyristor connect, and modify the value of CCPR2H:L again according to the required triggerpulse width value to sustain the outp
33、ut high level trigger pulse for certain time and return to low level again, so abidirectional thyristor trigger pulse output is completed.6. ConclusionsThe speed control system taking PIC16F877 SCM as the bidirectional thyristor trigger circuit designed in the articlepossesses many characters such a
34、s simple structure, reliable running, wide regulation range, good current continuity andquick response in the middle and small sized DC motor speed control system, and the rotate speed loop adopts PIcontrol algorithm, which can effectively restrain the super modulation of rotate speed, so it is a fe
35、asible design to adoptthe speed control system of SCM, and the running curve is seen in Figure 7.ReferencesKang, Huaguang & Zou, Shoubin. (2000). Base of Electric Technology: Number Part (4th Edition). Beijing: HigherEducation Press.Li, Xuehai. (2002). Practical Tutorial of PIC SCM. Beijing: Beijing
36、 University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Press.Su, Jianhui. (2002). Study on the Photovoltaic Water Pump System and Its Control. Thesis of Doctors Degree of HefeiUniversity of Technology.Zhang, Shen. (1996). Principle and Application of DC Brushless Motor. Beijing: Machine Industry Press.97Voll.
37、2, No. 1Figure 1. Principle Diagram of DC MotorCoomputer and Innformation SciienceMaasterwitchcirrcuitThyristoortrigger cirrcuitFFlat wave reacttorand dischargeecircuitEnergyExcitinngcircuit ofmotorrRecctifyingfilteer circuitcoonsumptionbrakingcircuitMFigure 2. Block Diagram off Hardware Strructure
38、Modulee98swComputer and Informatiion ScienceFigure 3. Diagram of Main CircuitFigure 4. Thyristor Triggger CircuitFebbruary, 200999Vol. 2, No. 1InterruptentranceProtect interrupt localeClear CCP1 interruptsymbol CCP1IFComputer and Information ScienceW, STATUS, PCLATHWhether CCP1 isthe ascendingNoForY
39、esedge catchingmode?CCP1interruptsymbolSet the next catchingFor CCP2interrupt symbolNoof CCP1 asdescending edgemodeStore the ascendingSet nextcatching ofCCP1 as thedescendingedge modeedge time caught byCCP1Clear CCP2 interruptsymbol CCP2IFCompute CCP1(ascending time+ thedifference betweenzero-pass t
40、ime withWhether outputhigh level modefor CCP2 mode?(Pulse width value+CCP2 value) as thenew value of CCP2Set CCP2 comparisonoutput as the lowlevel modeYesNoascending edge time) asthe zero-pass time T0ComputeT0+Td as the Tfof CCP2Set CCP2comparisonoutput as thehigh levelmodeComputeCCP1(descendingedge
41、 timeascendingtime)/2) asthe differencebetweenzero-passtime withascendingedge timeRecover interrupt locale W, STATUS,PCLATH, interrupt returnsFigure 5. Interrupt Program Flow Chart of CPP1 Module and CPP2 Module100Computer and Information ScienceStartSet CCP1pin as input,set CCP2 pin as outputAllow
42、CCP1to catchinterrupt, CCP2compares interruptPreset CCP1catching asthe ascending edgemodeSet ADCON1, ANI pinas input of analog signalSet ADCON0, set self RCoscillation, preset channelAD module to start upInterrupt peripheralfunction moduleOpen entire interruptTransfer A/Dconversion subprogramand save result to VrTransfer tachometercircuit pulse timingcounter subprogramand save result to VrTransfer PI regulatorsubprogram and takethe result as thecontrol time TdFigure 6. Flow Chart of Main ProgramFebruary, 2009101Voll. 2, No. 1102Figure 7. Ruunning CurveCoomputer and Innformation Sciience
