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1、英语谚语的社交功能Social Functions of English ProverbsContentsAbstract.1Key words.1I. Introduction 2II. Literature Review.3III. Classifications of English Proverbs.5IV. Characteristics of English Proverbs.5 1. Established forms6 2. Essential features63. Stylistic characteristics6 4. Analysis from different a
2、ngles.6V. Social Functions of English Proverbs.7 1. The function to moralize7 2. The function to spread knowledge and experience.8 3. The function to advise.9 4. The function to make description in literature.10 5. The function to practise in society10VI. Conclusion.12References.12Abstract: Proverbs
3、 are brief, memorable sayings that offer ethical direction in specific language situations from generation to generation. They are a feature in almost all cultures, historically, as well as today. As a group of words with a special meaning different from the meaning of its constituent words, proverb
4、 can be defined as a combination of two or more words, which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and the function as a single unit of meaning. It is an established form, in which the component words, word order, meanings and grammatical function of each proverb should be learned
5、as a whole. English proverbs are essential parts of the general vocabulary, reflect the environment, life, history, and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirits and feeling. English proverbs containing the abundant content have ingenious language forms,
6、 vivid rhetoric methods, have been proved to have extensive social functions. Generally speaking, it manifests the following social functions: The function to moralize; the function to spread knowledge and experience; the function to advise; the function to make description in literature; the functi
7、on to practise in society.Key words: English proverbs；classification；characteristic；social functions摘要：谚语是世世代代在具体的语言形势里提供伦理方向的简短，值得记忆言论。 他们是在几乎所有文化里的一个普遍存在特征，无论在历史上还是今天。英语谚语是一个由具有特别意义的单词构成的群体，这种特别意义与它们作为独立成分的意义是不同的。 谚语可以被定义为由两个或多个单词在结构上固定，在语意上晦涩的结合，并作为一个语意单元使用。它是一个已建立的并且已经被传统用法所接受的语言形式。因此，谚语的各成份词、词序
8、、词义及语意功能必须当作一个整体来学习。谚语作为一个语言中一般词汇的必要组成部分。它反映出讲母语的人环境，生命，历史和文化，并与他们的最内部情绪和感觉相关。谚语蕴含着丰富的内容，具有巧妙的语言形式，生动的修辞方法，所以它们具有广泛的社会功能。总而言之，其社会功能用主要表现在思想道德、科学认识、教育警策、文学描绘和社会实践等几个方面。关键词： 英语谚语；分类；特征；社会功能I. IntroductionEnglish proverbs are a unit of English language, a kind of phraseology, the distillate of English
9、language, which are colorful and vivid. They mainly come from oral tradition, literature and classics, religious books, and most of which from the lowest -the labor class. Because they are from social practices and real life, they are accepted and used by most people. The major difficulty we encount
10、er about proverbs is that we dont know how to choose proper proverbs in proper situations. So it seems necessary to make a research on English proverbs. This paper will emphasize particularly on social functions of English proverbs, focusing on classifications of English proverbs, characteristics of
11、 English proverbs and social functions of English proverbs.An English proverb is a group of words with a special meanings different form the meaning of its constituent parts, which may be defined as a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and
12、function as a single unit of meaning. It is an established form, in which the component words, the word order, the meanings and grammatical functions of each proverb should be learned as a whole. English proverbs, an essential part of the general vocabulary, reflect environment, life, history, and c
13、ulture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirits and feeling. The English Language teems with proverbs which are usually difficult to interpret, and may cause one of the chief stumbling blocks to foreign students studying English. According to some computation t
14、he number of idiomatic expressions known by a cultured Englishman is over 5,000 (not counting prepositional idioms and Americanisms.). In the paper the writer will summarize the social functions of English proverbs, which are reflected by following properties: 1. Language property: English proverbs
15、are relatively complete immobile sentences with rhythms, popular languages, vivid tropes and laconic words. 2. Content property of English proverbs: English proverbs are distillates of experience of peoples lives, flares of human wisdom, and contain specifically cultural tincts.3. Social functions:
16、Its major functions are to enlighten peoples life, guide peoples actions, impart experience, morality education etc.4. Variety of origins: Generally speaking, English proverbs originate from peoples practical living experience, mainly from folk tongues, some from written literatures such as religiou
17、s classics and literature works.The paper will illustrate the English learning obstacles in using English proverbs. The classifications of English proverbs, characteristics of English proverbs and social functions of English proverbs, the purpose of which is to improve our students cognition about E
18、nglish language. II. Literature ReviewEnglish proverbs can trace back to middle ages or even earlier. When we studying English proverbs, we cant have to mention English idioms, because the category of English idioms is larger than that of English proverbs.The word idiom comes from Greek idios which
19、was from idioma-, meaning ones own, private, peculiar. English idioms have their own peculiar features, which enhance their inseparability, cohesion and constancy. English proverbs belong to a specific group of English idioms. A proverb, (a word from Latin) which is often a saying popularly known an
20、d repeated, usually expressing simply and concretely, though often metaphorically, and a truth based on common sense or the practical experience of mankind. E.g.: A proverb A stitch in time saves nine. describing a basic rule of conduct may also be known as a maxim. If a proverb is distinguished by
21、particularly good style, it may be known as an aphorism.Most proverbs are borrowed from different languages and cultures, and come down to the present, of which Bible and medieval Latin have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs across Western Europe and even further.The study of prove
22、rbs called paremiology (a word from Greek paremia = proverb) which can be dated back as far as Aristotle, meaning the collection of proverbs. Currently, the foremost proverb scholar in the United States, Wolfgang Mieder, who defines the term proverb as follows:“A proverb is a short, generally known
23、sentence of the folk which contains wisdom, truth, morals, and traditional views in a metaphorical, fixed and memorizable form and which is handed down from generation to generation.” (Mieder 1985:119; also in Mieder 1993:24)Proverbs as brief, memorable sayings that offer ethical direction in specif
24、ic situations from generation to generation, are a feature of almost all cultures, historically, as well as today. The proverb is tailor-made for primary oral cultures with no system of inscription, and in contemporary literary cultures new sayings continue to be coined. A parable is a more expansiv
25、e cousin to the proverb. It is a short narrative fiction that expresses a moral or religious lesson. Like the proverb, parables which can be used to inspire listeners participation are memorable and can be applied in ones daily life. “Proverbs are context-transcending on account of their inclusion o
26、f several memorable features of oral communication.” (Fernando, Chitra: Idioms and Idiomaticity M. Oxford: Oxford University Press). They can be represented in the forms of: 1) repetition (Alls well that ends well); 2) alliteration and rhyming (Haste makes waste), 3) use of opposites (What goes up m
27、ust come down); 4) and use of the present tense. The eloquent anonymous definition of the proverb as “a winged word, outliving the fleeting moment”comes from this context-transcending quality “An English proverb is a group of words with a special meaning different form the meaning of its constituent
28、 words.” (Strang, Barbara, M.H.(1974), A History of English, London：Methuen & Company Ltd. Proverb may be defined as a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and the function as a single unit of meaning. It is an established form, one that has
29、been accepted by traditional usage. As such, the component words, word order, meanings and grammatical functions of each proverb should be learned as a whole. English proverbs are essential part of the general vocabulary. Proverbs reflect the environment, life, history, and culture of the native spe
30、akers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirits and feeling. People are always using proverbs, but few of them know their functions clearly. So only a few have researched social functions of English proverbs. The proverb “You can lead a horse to water, but you cant make him drink” is
31、exceedingly familiar to Americans, from schoolchildren to cosmopolitan sophisticates. The saying is so well known that writer Dorothy Parker, when challenged to create a witty saying using the word “horticulture” ultimately quipped “You can lead a whore to culture, but you cant make her drink.” This
32、 well-known anecdote proves the fact that the original proverb is deeply ingrained in the minds of American English speakers.The paper will illustrate the English learning obstacles in using English proverbs, focusing on classifications of English proverbs, characteristics of English proverbs and so
33、cial functions of English. The purpose of it is to improve our students cognition about English language. The social functions of English proverbs contain:1. The function to moralize;2. The function to spread knowledge and experience;3. The function to advise;4. The function to describe in literatur
34、e;5. The function to practise in society.III. Classification of English Proverbs An English proverb is a unit of English language, a kind of phraseology, the distillate of English language, which is colorful and vivid. English proverbs could be divided into many classifications. According to the mot
35、ivation of the unit, English proverbs compartmentalize as followings: 1. Phraseolgical fusions: As their name suggests, English proverbs represent the highest stage of blending words together, with the meaning of their components completely absorbed by the meaning of the whole, that is, they are com
36、pletely non-motivated. 2. Phraseological unities: In phraseological unities the meaning of the whole unity is not the sum of the meanings of its components but based upon them, i.e. may be understood from the components. They are clearly motivated.3. Phraseological combinations: From this angle, wor
37、ds in proverbs retain their full semantic independence although they are limited in their combinative power. These units are clearly motivated, and though sometimes their components can also be used metaphorically.Besides the classification mentioned above, English proverbs may have other different
38、ways of classification, e.g.: According to source, make-up or grammatical function: According to British and American Linguists, English Phraseological or stock phrases generally may be classified according to their sources or their lexical or phonetic make-up.IV. Characteristics of English Proverbs
39、Classifications of English proverbs are based on Characteristics of English proverbs, the characteristics of which reflect on classifications. English proverbs have their own peculiar features, which enhance their inseparability, cohesion and constancy. English proverbs have the following characteri
40、stics:1. An established form An English proverb has an established form, one that has been accepted by traditional usage. Generally speaking no element can be added to, be deleted, be replaced by, and changed in English proverbs even without destroying the sense as a whole. In other words, English p
41、roverbs have their structural stability, their fixed and ready-made nature. It is generally accepted that when analyzed structurally, the most important characteristic of proverbs is stability.2. Essential features The term proverbs generally implies that the essential features of the linguistic uni
42、t under consideration is idiomaticity or lack of motivation. By semantic unity we mean proverbs function as a unit of meaning, that is, the member words of a proverb do not possess any lexical meaning outside the integral meaning of the whole. By lack of motivation proverbs are semantically non-moti
43、vated, i.e. the special meaning of a proverb cannot be deduced from the literal meaning of its member-words. Generally speaking, we can find the following features of the English proverbs: 1) English proverbs also acquire figurative meaning due to extra-linguistic factors such as the history of the
44、people and its culture;2) An English proverb usually has a meaning peculiar to itself. Its meaning cant be made out from the ordinary acceptance of the term. It has a meaning that defies grammatical or logical analysis.3) English proverbs have the characteristics of syntactic inseparability.3. Styli
45、stic characteristicsEnglish proverbs are essentially national in character, i.e. their components are mostly native elements.1）English proverbs as a rule are highly endowed with a national flavor and taste of the soil from which they grow, but they also contain a large deposit of idiomatic expressio
46、ns of foreign origin.2）Most English proverbs, whether of native or of foreign origin, are colloquial in style from the viewpoint of style and expressiveness. Besides, English proverbs have another important feature, namely, their euphony. It has been often pointed out that many proverbs are distinct
47、ly rhythmical; contain alliteration, rhyme, etc, apart from their euphonic qualities. English proverbs have their stylistic value, namely, terseness, vividness and forcibleness.4. Analysis from different anglesWe have made an analysis of English proverbs from different angles-semantically, structurally, syntactically and stylistically. From this analysis, we may sum up the characteristics of English proverbs as follows:1) Idiomatically: According to the authors of the Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English, “Idiomaticity is largely, though not wholly, a question of meaning”. That is
