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1、AbstractThis paper focuses on the development of an energy efficent street lighting remote management system making use of low-rate wireless personal area networks and the Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) protocol to get a duplex communication, necessary for checking lamp parameters lik
2、e lamp status, current level ,etc.Because of the fact that two thirds of the installed street lighting systems use old and inefficient technologies there exists a huge potential to renew the street lighting and save in the energy consumption. The proposed system uses DALI protocol in street lighting
3、 increasing the maximum number of slave devices (ballasts) that can be controlled with DALI-originally it can only have 64 ballasts. Some aspects regarding the lighting control protocol and the communication system are discussed, presenting experimental results obtained from several tests.Introducti
4、onTwo thirds of the current installed street lighting systems still use very old and inefficient technologies, that is , there exists a huge potential to renew the existing street lighting and save in the energy consumption1. It is estimated that nearly the 5% of the energy used in lighting applicat
5、ions is consumed by the street lighting, being the most important energy regarding the energy usage in a city . New industrial approaches have been develop recently in order to achieve an efficient lighting, which can be summarized in improvements in lamps technology and electronic ballasts, soft st
6、art systems, noiseless performance and lighting automatisms. Saving energy in street lighting can be achieved with two methods,by controlling the light duration or by dimming. There also exist remote management systems that allow the user to keep an individual remote control and monitorization of ev
7、ery single lamp. By making use of these systems the operator can monitor the main parameters of any light point from a central or mobile unit. The obtained data are ready for processing, allowing the reckoning of statistical consumption, lamp status, voltages, anomalies,ect,decreasing the mean time
8、to repair. Another interesting parameter could be the arc voltage level, which can mean the change of a corrective or preventive maintenance to a predictive one, saving money in the maintenance cost.In order to have an optimum control, the remote management system should allow a duplex or half/duple
9、x communication between the user and the ballast; otherwise we could not know the lighting status. The management system is implemented using a communication system and a lighting control protocol. The communication system can be wired,such as Ethernet, optical fiber and Power Line Carrier(PLC) or w
10、ireless. Among the last group we have GSM/GPRS, RF,WiFi,WiMAX,IEEE802.15.4 and ZigBee have brought about the boom of wireless sensor networks(WSNs).A comprehensive study of the state of the art of WSNs and both standards can be found in 2 and 3.A WSN consists of tiny sensor nodes, sink nodes, an inf
11、ormation transport network and personal computers. Usually, WSN architecture consists of three layers, the physical layer, the MAC layer and the application layer. The IEEE802.15.4 standard deals with Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks(LR-WPAN); its aim is to standardize the two lower layers o
12、f OSI protocol stack, i.e.physical layer and medium access control layer. It only considers star and peer-to-peer network topologies. On the other hand , ZigBee defines the upper layers, network and application layers, its main contribution is to provide the ability of forming cluster,tree and mesh
13、network topologies to IEEE802.15.4 applicationsAs regards the lighting control protocol, it can be chosen between an open protocol,like TCP/IP , BACNet, DMX512,LONWorks,X-10, 0-10 V or DALI, or proprietary.DALI stands for Digital Addressable Lighting Interface, it was defined by annex E.4 of IEC 609
14、29 as a digital signal controller for tubular fluorescent lamp ballasts control interface and modified by IEC 62386, which also integrates other application of DALI apart from lighting and extends the kind of lamp to high intensity discharge (HID), halogens, incandescent, LEDs,etc. This paper focuse
15、s on developing a street lighting management system by making use of wireless sensor networks and DALI ballasts, materials used in the system are described and results about tests and measurements are presented.Background Several scientific researches have been carried out in order to take the WSN a
16、dvantages to the street lighting systems. For example, reference4 explains the development of a wireless control system based on ZigBee. Their system allows the user to control and monitor the state of the lighting , but they do not focus on the energy efficienty, just the maintenance and the remova
17、l of wires in public areas for the people safety. Reference5 gives a more complex exemple of WSN applied to street lighting, they develop a system that consists of sensor nodes placed in streetlight poles, a sink node in transformer station which controls every sensor node placed in a pole that belo
18、ngs to that transformer station. The information of any sink node is sent to the control center via GPRS. The system also has individual or bank dimming up to 60% in order to save the energy consumption. Reference6 states the main features of a WSN to be used as a street lighting control system, the
19、y use 6LoWPAN instead of ZigBee due to ZigBee routing protocols drawbacks and the ease of adapting 6LoWPAN, which does not define routing protocols, to any specific system文摘 这一张主要是关注基于无线节能局域网和DALI协议的节能型路灯的远程控制系统之间的连接，用于检查单个路灯，比如路灯的位置、路灯的电流等。因为2/3的路灯都是用的老式低效的安装系统所以重新安装这里面潜在着巨大的节能价值。这个基于DALI协议的路灯控制系统的
20、提议在最大程度上增加了设备（镇流器）不过能被原始DALI控制的镇流器最多只有64个。有些意见认为路灯控制协议和通信系统还需讨论，需要从实验得到几个测试结果。介绍 2/3路灯的电流安装系统仍然用的是老式低效率技术，这就是说，重新安装来减少能源浪费存在着巨大的潜在价值。据估计只有5%的能源应用于路灯的照明，认为是成为城市最为重要能源用途。最近为了有效率的照明新的工艺方法真在发展，可以总结为灯的技术和电子镇流器的改进、软件控制开关、无噪声性能和照明控制。 路灯的节能可以通过两种方法达成，控制照明时间和昏暗度。同样存在这样的远程控制系统允许使用者对每个单独路灯的控制和检测。使用这种系统的话经营者可以监
21、测到任何中央或是移动单元的照明点的主要参数。获得的参数马上可以处理，可以估算统计消耗、灯的位置、电压、异常等，减少维修时间。另外一个有趣的参数是弧电压的水平，（这个。），减少维护经费。 为了得到最佳控制，这种远程控制系统应该允许运用者和镇流器之间可以双工或者办双工工作；不然我们就不知道照明的位置。这个控制系统的实施要用到一个通信系统和一个照明控制协议。通信系统可以是有线的，比如以太网、光钎、PLC或者是无线无的。我们已有的GSM/GPRS、RF、WiFi、IEEE802.15.4和ZigBee给我们在无线传感方面带来了巨大的繁荣。关于无线传感的综合学习标准可以在注解2和3中找到。 无线传感网络
22、由微小的传感器节点、汇点，传输网络和个人计算机组成。通常，无线传感网的筑建是由三层的，物理层、MAC层、应用层。IEEE802.15.4和低频无线局域网一起；它的目的是为了规范下面两层OSI协议堆栈，在物理层通过介质访问控制层。它被认为是星型和单对单的网络拓扑。另一方面，ZigBee定义了上面两层，即网络层和应用层，它的主要贡献是为IEEE802.15.4提供形成集成、树形和网格。 这个照明控制协议，可以在开放协议像TCP/IP、BACNet、DMX512、x-10、0-10v、DALI或专有中选择。DALI是数字可寻址照明界面，它是由IEC 60929的E.4定义成作为管状荧光灯控制界面的数
23、字信号控制器并由IEC 62386改性，也集成了DALI的其他功能除了照明和延伸到高强度排放灯（HID)、卤素灯、白炽灯、LED灯等。 这一张主要是关于无线接入网和DALI镇流器在路灯控制系统上的发展，在这个系统上运用何种材料在被描述着以及测试和测量也已提出。背景 几项科学研究的提出是为了将无线传感的好处用于路灯系统。比如，参考【4】解释的ZigBee的无线控制系统。他们的系统允许用户控制和监控照明的状态，但他们并未关注能源的效率利用问题，只是维护和在公共地带去除电线以保护人的安全。参考【5】给出了一个更复杂的关于无线传感用于路灯的例子，他们的系统是由传感器节点安在每个路灯杆再一个汇点安在变压器上（可以控制每个路灯杆上节点）组成的。每一个汇点上的信息由GPRS送到控制中心。这个系统（。）逐渐增强到60%同样是为了节约能源。参考【6】无线传感用于路灯照明最主要的特点，他们用6LoWPAN替代ZigBee是由于ZigBee路由协议的弊端和6LoWPAN的适应性，这个对于任何具体的系统没有定义路由协议。
