《英语专业写作——prewriting.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语专业写作——prewriting.ppt（43页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Lecture 1,discussion on Prewriting,This lesson will show you how to explore your topic and ways to write about it.,Prewriting,Prewriting-the first step in writing processThe word prewriting,which literally means before writing,refers to everything you do before you actually write a first draft.Asses
2、s the writing situationGenerate ideas Organize your ideas,Strategies in prewriting,Brainstorminglet your ideas flow without judging themFreewritingwrite down your thoughts as they come to youAsking questionsmake a list of questions about your topicMapping(also called clustering or webbing)make a vis
3、ual diagram of your ideas about a topicJournalingwrite your thoughts in a journalListingmake a list of your ideas about a topic,Strategies in prewriting,Visualizing(also called image streaming)imagine yourself in another situation and describe the situation from your point of viewUsing chartsgroup y
4、our ideas visually in charts or tables,How to assess your writing situation,Find your subject Consider your audienceDefining your purposeConsidering the researchClarifying deadline and lengthDesigning document layout,How to generate ideas,Free writing Brainstorming Clustering Branching Asking questi
5、ons Keeping a journal,Focused free-writing,Brainstorming,Brainstorming,last list is abbreviated from the original,but it serves the purpose.Then next step is to categorize the list by using numbering to indicate the like things:,Brainstorming,Example:This student wanted to write a descriptive paragr
6、aph about her father.After brainstorming,she placed a checkmark beside the items she plans to use in her paragraph.Tall Balding SlimWise Loud AuthoritativeDetermined Usually wears a suit Warm,friendly laughGood advice usually Conservative Strong Busy Drums fingers,Practice,Choose one of the followin
7、g topics.Then,brainstorm either alone or in a small group for 1015 minutesas you list ideas that could be included in a writing assignment.a.the Internetb.petsc.educationd.travel,Clustering,Free association and rapid,unedited work.But it emphasizes the relations between ideas by combining writing an
8、d nonlinear drawing.(print)It is a visual representation of cognitive moves.The writer/learner starts with a blank sheet of paper.In the middle of that sheet,he or she places the subject at hand.,Practice,Use mapping to generate ideas about the following topic.Each of us has unique abilities,aptitud
9、es,or personality traits that makes us special in some way.What makes you special?,Branching,Emphasizes the connections between ideas.Here is an example of branching on“obesity in kids”(print),How to organize your ideas,This part will show you how to organize your ideaslogically so that your reader
10、can easily follow.First,you have to learn how to write a thesis.Then,you will learn different ways of organizing your ideas and sketching out the details you will use to support your thesis.,Identify your main idea and supporting detailsConceiving a thesis statement Drafting an outline,Identify your
11、 main idea and supporting details,In organizing the ideas,you can:categorize the items on your list;put the key ideas in climatic order(from least important to most important),or chronological order,or spatial order;outline them.,Types of Supporting Details,Anecdotesstories or descriptions of experi
12、ences you have had or heard aboutExamplesspecific instances of a general ideaFactsstatements that can be verified in reference materials(such as databases,dictionaries,encyclopedias,college textbooks,or other specialized sources),through interviews with experts,or by making direct observationsOpinio
13、nsjudgments and predictions,especially those of expertsQuotationsword-for-word statements made by other people,such as expertsStatisticsfacts that are written as percentages,ratios,or in other numeric forms,Ways of organizing details-Venn diagrams,Venn diagrams are commonly used to show how two or m
14、ore things are alike and different.This type of diagram might help you organize your supporting details for a comparison and contrast paragraph.,Ways of organizing details-Series maps,Series maps are often used to organize a series of events or the steps in a process.It can be put into a how-to pape
15、r or used to explain a multi-step process.,Practice,Choose one of the thesis statements.Then,use one of the graphic organizers described here to sketch out your supporting details.Are uniforms a good idea in the public schools?Why or why not?What would you do if you were President for one day?,Conce
16、iving a thesis statement,A thesis statement is a statement that tells you and your reader what you plan to write about.It is usually one sentence in the introduction to your paper.It tells the main idea of your paper.It might also give the reader an idea of the type of organization and the tone that
17、 you plan to use in your paper.It is an answer to a question.Often it is a statement that you set out to prove.A thesis does not have to be only one sentence long.In some papers,it is appropriate to have a two-or three-sentences thesis.,Conceiving a thesis statement,Before you begin writing,you shou
18、ld have an idea of what your thesis is.You dont have to have the exact thesis statement that you will put in your final paper,but you do need to have the gist written in a tentative form because it lets you organize your thoughts and the rest of the information in your paper.,Conceiving a thesis sta
19、tement,Here are some examples of thesis statements.1.Companies should take advantage of the marketing potential of the Internet by advertising and offering customer service via web pages.2.The U.S.government should support early childhood programs for babies addicted to crack because most of these c
20、hildren are raised in homes lacking adequate stimulation.,Conceiving a thesis statement,3.The epilogue of Theseus demonstrates the qualities of a classic Greek mythological hero:physical strength,courage,and morality.4.The scientific stance on the effects of bilingualism on cognitive development hav
21、e followed the tides of popular belief over the past five decades.5.Throughout Silas Marner,George Eliot uses vocabulary,sentence structure,and philosophical commentary to teach her reader a moral.,Conceiving a thesis statement,6.Research shows that repeated exposure to air pollution can cause or wo
22、rsen asthma in children.7.The role of the Indian gods Rudra,Indra,and Varuna in Vedic Indian society show how mankind seeks to escape the worries of the human condition.,Practice,What would you expect to find in a paper that begins with this thesis statement?The epilogue of Theseus demonstrates the
23、qualities ofa classic Greek mythological hero:physical strength,courage,and morality.Probably you will find a paragraph or a section about each of the qualities listed:physical strength,courage,and morality.The writer will probably try to show how events that are described in the epilogue of Theseus
24、 demonstrate these qualities and thenrelate them to the qualities of a classic Greek mythologicalhero.,The scientific stance on the effects of bilingualism on cognitive development have followed the tides of popular belief over the past five decades.The writer will probably show how the conclusions
25、of scientific studies on bilingualism have changed with popular opinion during the last 50 years.,Practice,Write a tentative thesis for the following writing assignments.1.Your state is considering building a prison close to your home.How do you feel about having a prison near your home?2.Are unifor
26、ms a good idea in the public schools?Why or why not?3.Describe a time that you got lost.How did you feel?What happened?4.What would you do if you were President for one day?,Drafting an outline,Youve probably been asked to write an outline for a paper before,and this thought might make you cringe.If
27、 youve gotten this far in the prewriting process,however,you probably already have an outlinean formal one.If you have a tentative thesis and have sketched out your main ideas and supporting details in a graphic organizer or in any way that makes sense to you,then you have an informal outline.,An in
28、formal outline:Thesis:by lowering the barriers of physical appearance in communication,the Internets uniquely anonymous form of interaction could build diversity into communication.No fear of prejudice physical attributes unknown-age,race,gender,etc.no shut-out due to appearance Inability to prejudi
29、ce others assumptions based on appearance meeting of minds only finding shared interests and concerns,A more formal outline might be:THESIS:Anthonys funeral oration in the play Julius Caesar shows several forms of emotional appeal.I.He captures his audiences attention by repeating nice ideas that ar
30、e contrary to his intentions.II.He plays on the crowds impatience and creates a sense of curiosity and anxiety.,III.He makes the audience feel ashamed for the bad way theyve treated the dead Caesar.IV.He uses emotionally charged words and examples of Caesars good qualities to show that Caesar was no
31、t that ambitious.CONCLUSION:Anthony uses several forms of emotionalism to manipulate his audience.,Heres how to use your outline to test your prewriting material If you have more to say than you can fit in your outline,you probably need to refocus your thesis statement.Its too broad.If you cant find
32、 enough to say in your outline,your thesis is probably too narrow.,If youve tried different ways of exploring and researching your topic and you still cant find enough evidence to support your thesis,you should reconsider your thesis.If your outline is still sound after putting it to this test,then you are ready to start writing.,Thank your for your attendance and see you next week!,
