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1、小升初语法知识点小升初语法知识点一、名词变复数 1、一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books， bag-bags， cat-cats， bed-beds2、以s、 x、 sh、 ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses， box-boxes， brush-brushes， watch-watches3、以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i， 再加-es，如：family-families， strawberry-strawberries4、以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v， 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5.不规则名词复数： man-men， woman-women， po
2、liceman-policemen， policewoman-policewomen， mouse-mice child-children foot-feet，、tooth-teeth fish-fish， people-people， Chinese-Chinese， Japanese-Japanese二、冠词乘飞机去北京花了史密斯一家人一个小时。误 It takes Smiths a hour to go to Beijing by a plane.正 It takes the Smiths an hour to go to Beijing by plane. 析.表示“一家人”用结构“t
3、he + 姓氏复数”；.our 一词的第一个字母不发音，它是以元音音素开头的，所以 “一小时”要用 an hour；1 .用介词by表示“乘坐”某种交通工具时，交通工具名词前不加任 何冠词。三、定冠词 一、定冠词不与表示一类人或事物的复数名词连用。例如：1. I like reading the books.（） I like reading books.（）2. She likes the cats.（） She likes cats.（） 二、定冠词不能用在某些习惯用语中的名词前面。例如：1. I have lunch at the noon.（） I have lunch at noon
4、.（）2. We go to school by the bus.（） We go to school by bus.（）三、定冠词不能用在某些专用名词和不可数名词前面。例如：1. I like the China.（） I like China.（）2. Would you like a cup of the water? （）Would you like a cup of water?（） 四、定冠词不能用在节日、日期、月份、季节前面。例如：1. Today is the Teachers Day. （）Today is Teachers Day.（）2. He was born in t
5、he May in 1987. （）He was born in May in 1987. （）2 五、定冠词不能用在表示称呼语或某些头衔的名词前面（尤其作表语、宾补时）。例如：1. Good morning, the sir!（）Good morning, sir! （）2. I need some help, the Mummy.（）I need some help, Mummy.（） 六、定冠词不能与名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词连用。例如：1. This the pen is mine. （）This pen is mine.（
6、）2. I have the some money. （）I have some money. （） 七、定冠词不能用在表示科目名词的前面。例如：1. We will learn the Chinese, the history and the Maths this afternoon. （）We will learn Chinese, history and Maths this afternoon.（）2. The English is the most interesting of all the subjects.（） English is the most interesting o
7、f all the subjects.（） 八、定冠词不能用在三餐和球类运动名词的前面。例如：1. She goes to school after the breakfast every morning.（） She goes to school after breakfast every morning.（）2. We often play the football after school. （）We often play football after school. （）3 四、代词 1. 这张票是她的，不是我的。误 This is hers ticket. Its not my.正
8、This is her ticket. Its not mine.析 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词之后一定要接名词，而名词性物主代词之后不需接任何词。2. 吴老师教我们英语。误 Miss Wu teaches our English.正 Miss Wu teaches us English.析 teach sb. sth.中的sb.作teach的宾语，因此当sb.为人称代词时要用其宾格形式。五、介词1. 你能找到这个问题的答案吗？误 Can you find the answer of this question？正 Can you find the ans
9、wer to this question？析 英语中用“the answer to ”表示“的答案”。类似结构还有the key to the door, the way to the zoo等。2. 格林先生星期六上午来这里。误 Mr. Green will come here in Sunday evening.正 Mr. Green will come here on Sunday evening.4 析 表示在上午、下午等时，介词要用in；而表示在具体的某天上午、下午时，介词要用on.3. 那个穿着红裙子的小女孩是我们老师的女儿。误 That little girl on a red
10、skirt is our teachers daughter.正 That little girl in a red skirt is our teachers daughter.析 用介词表示“穿戴衣物”时，只能用in，其他介词没有此用法。六、数词 一、基数词1）基数词写法和读法： 345 three hundred and forty-five；2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用，如scores of people 指许多人；b. 在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里；如：They arrived in twos and
11、threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。 c. 表示“几十岁”；d. 表示“年代”，用 in +the +数词复数；e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is （are） fifteen. 二、序数词序数词的缩写形式： first1st second2nd thirty-first31st5 三、 数词的用法1）倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + asI have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amount，length
12、） of The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。2）分数表示法构成：基数词代表分子，序数词
13、代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three thirty-sevenths.七、一般现在时1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every, sometimes, at, on Sunday6 I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes
14、before a fall. 骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now
15、watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。八、一般将来时1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。7 Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do t
16、omorrow?b. 计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week
17、 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。九、现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。含义:1).表示一个动作发生在过去，并且已经结束，强调对现在的影响。8 2).表示一个动作发生在过去，并且没有结束，一直持续到现在，并有可能持续到未来。与一般过去时的区别： 一般过去时有动作发生的时间点，即过去某一时间发生某一动作；现在完成时则没有，即不强调是哪个时间点发生的动作，而强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。现在完成时：不能与确切的过去的时间连
18、用；一般现在时：表示动作发生在过去某一特定的时间，与确切的过去时间状语连用。标志词：already，表示：已经（肯定句中，可放句中或句末）yet，表示：已经、还.（否定句中，用在句末）just，表示：刚刚 never，表示从来没有ever，表示：曾经since + 过去时间点，表示：自从.for + 时间段，表示：持续 We have learnt four English songs this month.Look, what have you done!十、一般过去时1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。9 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour
19、ago, the other day, in 1982等。Where did you go just now?2)表示在过去一段时间"到时间了" "该了"It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该了"It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事Id rather you came tomorrow.4)
20、wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义：她已不在人间。)10 Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义：她现在还活着)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby
21、has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2)情态动词 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?十一、情态动词情态动词用于肯定猜测 1. must用于肯定句，表示较有把握的推测，意为“准是，一定”。后面接动词原形，表示对现在的推测。如： -
22、Ive had no sleep for 48 hours. 我已经48小时没睡觉了。 -You must be very tired. 你一定很累了。 2. should用于肯定句中，语气次之，意为“很可能，应该”，指按常理推11 测。如： They left yesterday. They should be home by now. 他们昨天就离开了，现在该到家了。 3. can用在肯定句中，表示理论上的可能性。如： Smoking can cause cancer. 吸烟有可能引起癌症。 4. may用在肯定句中，表示对现在把握不大的推测，意为“也许，可能”。如： Dont play
23、with the knife. You may cut yourself. 不要玩小刀，你可能会伤了自己。 5. could, might也可表示推测意义，常用在过去时态中；但在某些场合下，为了使语气更缓和、更委婉，常用could, might代替can, may。如：They saw something in the sky last night. It could/might be a UFO. 昨天晚上他们看见天空中有个东西。它有可能是不明飞行物。 You may/might/could be very tired. 你可能很累吧！ 情态动词用于否定猜测 1. 表示否定的推测时，cant
24、/couldnt语气最强，指“不可能”，带有惊异、怀疑的感情色彩。如： The story sounds reasonable, but it cant be true. 这个故事听起来合情合理，但不可能是真的。 2. 语气不很肯定时，常用may not或might not表否定推测，意为“可能不，也许不”。如：12 He may not/might not be at home. 他可能不在家。 情态动词用于疑问句表猜测 疑问句中的推测，常用can或could，意为“可能”。如： Who can it be? Can it be Jenny? 那会是谁呢？是珍妮吗？ The money ha
25、s disappeared! Who could have taken it? 钱不见了！会是谁拿去的呢？ Oh, how could you be so stupid? 哦，你怎么会这么愚蠢呢？十二、形容词/副词大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1) 规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 - 一般单音节词 tall(高的) taller tallest未尾加-er,-est great(巨大
26、的) greater greatest 以不发音的e结尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest的单音词和少数 large(大的) larger largest以- le结尾的双 able（有能力的) abler ablest音节词只加-r,-st 以一个辅音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest结尾的闭音节单 hot热的) hotter hottest音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，13 再加-er，-est "以辅音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest 结尾的双音节词，busy(忙的) busier busiest 改y为i，再加 -
27、er，-est 少数以-er，-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest未尾加-er，-est 其他双音节词和 important(重要的) more important most important多音节词，在前 easily(容易地 ) more easily most easily面加more，most 来构成比较级和最高级。十三、虚拟语气 如果你看到下列的句子，你会认为它们是正确的还是错的呢？1.I wish I were a bird.2.We request that you be
28、here tomorrow.也许你会说:"哈哈，第一句的 I were 错了，应该是 I was；而第二句中的 you be是什么东东呀？不是 you are, 也不是 you will be, 什么 you be?!"其实上面的句子都是一种称为 Subjunctive 类型的句子。Subjunctive Mood 有的书译为"假设语气"，虽不很贴切；但在相当大的程度上，告诉我们这种句子的特点。Subjunctive Mood中文译作"虚拟语气"，似乎不及"假设语气"那么容易明白。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种
29、假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。基本上，虚拟语气可分为虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present)和虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)两种；但它们和时态(Tenses)上所指的现在时态(Present Tense)和过去时态(Past Tense)是有所不同的。一、虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present):14 虚拟现在的句子，在任何时候都要用动词的原形(root form)，就算是第三人称(he,she, it)也是如此。如：1.1 现在时态(Simple Present): (右边为虚拟语气)I work - I workyou work - you work
30、he works - he work (注意到了吗，是 work，不是 works) she works - she work (不是 she works 喔）it works - it work (同样不是 it works 喔)we work - we workthey work - they work1.2 现在进行时态(Present Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气） I am working - I be working (注意用的是 be，怪怪的!)you are working - you be workinghe is working - he be workings
31、he is working - she be workingit is working - it be workingwe are working - we be workingthey are woring - they be working1.3 现在完成时态(Present Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气)I have worked - I have worked15 you have worked - you have workedhe has worked - he have worked (用的还是have喔)she has worked - she have workedit
32、 has worked - it have workedwe have worked - we have workedthey have worked - they have worked1.4 现在完成进行时态(Present Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)I have been working - I have been workingyou have been working - you have been workinghe has been working - he have been working (是 he have, 不是 he has )she
33、has been working - she have been workingit has been working - it have been workingwe have been working - we have been workingthey have been working - they have been working谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)（二）二、虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)虚拟过去的动词无论在什么情况之下都要用过去复数形式。如：动词 be，在虚拟过去中要用 were。2.1 过去时态(Simple Past):(右边为虚拟语
34、气)16 I worked - I workedyou worked - you workedhe worked - he workedshe worked - she workedit worked - it workedwe worked - we workedthey worked - they worked2.2 过去进行时态(Past Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气) I was working - I were working （注意是 I were） you were working - you were workinghe was working - he were
35、working (是 he were 喔) she was working - she were workingit was working - it were workingwe were working - we were workingthey were working - they were working2.3 过去完成时态(Past Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气) I had worked - I had workedyou had worked - you had workedhe had worked - he had workedshe had worked - she
36、 had worked17 it had worked - it had workedwe had worked - we had workedthey had worked - they had worked(耶，全部都用 had ! )2.4 过去完成进行时态(Past Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气) I had been working - I had been workingyou had been working - you had been workinghe had been working - he had been workingshe had b
37、een working - she had been workingit had been working - it had been workingwe had been working - we had been workingthey had been working - they had been working 十四、名词所有格在英语中，特别是表示有生命的名词，可以加s表示所属关系，名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。一、名词词尾加s的所有格1. 一般情况在名词后加s例如：That girls coat is in the room. 那个女孩的衣服在房间里。18 2. 在以s结尾
38、的名词（包括以s结尾的复数名词）后面，只加 。 如果复数名词不是以s结尾的，末尾也要加s。例如：Today is September 10th, Teachers Day. 今天是九月十日，教师节。 Childrens Day is coming, I should buy something new for my son. 儿童节马上就要到了，我应该为我的儿子买一些新东西。3. 表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时，须在各个名词后加s；如果一个东西为两个人或者两个以上的人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词后面加s。例如：They are Johns and Kates rooms. How beau
39、tiful they are! 这是约翰和凯特的房间。它们（指房间）太漂亮了！He is Lily and Lucys father. 他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。4. 表示某人的家、店铺等的所有格，一般可以省略它后面所修饰的名词。例如：My father and I will have dinner at the Johnsons （home ）。 我爸爸和我将要去约翰逊的家吃晚饭。We will have our hair cut at the barbers（shop） tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我们要去理发店理发。5. 有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇等的名词，也可以加s构
40、成所有格。例如：There is something important in todays newspaper. 今天的报纸上有一些重要的东西。Its about ten minutes walk from school to our home every day. 每天从学校到我们家步行大约需要十分钟。6. 英语名词所有格修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，后面则可以省略，以防止重复。例如：This is not Dicks dictionary, but is Toms. 这不是迪克的字典，但是是汤姆的。 二、由of短语构成的所有格19 1. 表示"无生命的名词"一般与of
41、构成短语，表示所有关系。如There is a river on the other side of the road. 在公路的另一边有一条河。2. 有时我们用名词 + of +名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式。例如： This is a photo of Mr Browns. 这是一张布朗先生的照片。名词所有格用法口诀英语名词所有格，表示物品所有权。名词后加 s，这种情况最常见。两者共有添最后，各有各添记心间。复数名词有s, 后面只把 来添。名词若为无生命，我们常把of用。A of B是B的A，体现英汉序不同。十五、主被动 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是
42、动作的接受者为被动语态。1)若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态 时，该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词。feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, mak英语e, observe, see, notice, watch The teacher made me go out of the classroom。-> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher)。We saw him play football on the playground。->
43、He was seen to play football on the playground。2)情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry。 十六、全部倒装20 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。There goes the bell.Then cam
44、e the chairman.Here is your letter.2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。Here he comes. Away they went.十七、部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1) 句首为否定或半否定
45、的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.21 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。I have never seen such a performance.The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例题
