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1、真题词汇句,ElitePronouncedAccount forAstrological signConferStaminaConceiveManiaAt the peak of,精英显著的解释星座授予精力，毅力怀孕，设想狂热在高峰期,词汇复习,真题词汇句型,Couple withExhibit differencesIntuitiveCognitiveEncodeSwampDeliberateEntailSetting specific goals,连在一起表现出不同直觉的，天生的认知的编码沼泽，淹没有准备的使必须设定目标,真题词汇句型,Take toMake an assertionSta
2、rtlingOverratePut another waysurgeryballet,喜欢主张，声明令人吃惊的对估价过高换句话说外科芭蕾舞,真题词汇句型,SupplementFeature v.Convey messageAnalogyEnvisionDeduceField such queriesVisualizeFigure out,补充，增刊特写，以为特色传达信息类比，类推想象演绎即兴回答提问想象理解，想出,真题词汇句型,EludeEncompassSpecifyNeurologyDefining charactersPopulateDistributionChronologicalmu
3、ltiply,躲避包围，包含指定，详细说明神经学本质特征居住于分配，分发按年代顺序的繁殖，乘，增加,真题词汇句型,CaptureAssessAnalyticalCorrelatedToil TestifySupportiveSkepticalimpartial,捕获评定分析的相互联系的苦干证明，证实支持的怀疑的公平的,真题词汇句型,BiasedImplicationBudgetParachuteSide effectDisruptionStock marketFluctuationHarsh reality,有偏见的暗示，含意预算降落伞副作用分裂，中断股票市场波动严酷的现实,真题词汇句型,Co
4、mpensate forIndicatorBoss and boardComplianceFeeble governanceInsecurityAgendaData leakageasset,赔偿指示器，指标老板和员工顺从无力的管理不安全议程资料泄露资产,真题词汇句型,On behalf ofRedundancyRecoveryLegal penaltyGo astrayInadequateSeverityFierce competitionenhance,代表冗余修复法律制裁走入歧途不充分的严重severe激烈的竞争加强,真题词汇句型,PerceiveTake the leadEnsureS
5、atisfy.needAn emerging adultPeriodicallyWeaknessStrengthCollaborate,察觉，感知领先，带头确保满足需要（小大人）定期地弱点优点合作,真题词汇句型,As opposed toCliqueVauntDownsideA foggy ideaGratificationDeploySet priorities,与相对私党，小圈子自夸，吹嘘不利，下降模糊的满意展开，配置优先（考虑的事）,真题词汇句型,MonotonousBubbleEndeavorSustainedSetbackDelicateFledging adult,单调的泡沫，幻想
6、努力，尽力持久不变的挫折，退步精致，微妙，灵敏刚长大的成人,英语句子五个层次的变化,简单的简单句复杂的简单句非简单句复杂结构充当句子成分从句套从句的结构,简单的简单句六个最基本句型,以及其中包含的六种句子成分(主谓宾系表补)。SV(主谓)SVO(主谓宾)SVP(主系表)SVOOC(主谓宾宾补)SVIODO(主谓双宾语)There be+O(There be),复杂的简单句在六大句型基础上加三大修饰成分(定语、状语、同位语)后句子变得更加复杂了,但仍属于简单句(即句号前只有一个主谓结构)。,如：I left the beautiful city Beijing yesterday.主 谓 定 宾
7、 同位 状,非简单句当一个句号前出现两个、甚至更多个主谓结构时,简单句就变成了并列句或复合句。并列句（并列连词连接）复合句（从句引导词引导）,复杂结构充当句子成分简单句子中的成分一般由简单的词或词组充当,而随着句子变长变难,句中的一个成分可能就会由长而且复杂的结构充当,如从句、非谓语动词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语等等。,如：Feeling upset and not wanting to try,I left the city which I loved.（分词短语作状语、从句作定语）,从句套从句的结构一个复杂的句子中,可以有两个以上的从句,这些从句相互之间可以是平行关系,也可以是从
8、属关系(即从句套从句),这种情况理解难度较大。,如：The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services thatthey want most.(1994年考研英语passage 1
9、),下面通过英汉语法的对比来看英语语法的特点,英语语法的特点,英汉语法对比,一、汉语中有很多无主语句子或省略主语的句子，在用英语表达时，须补出主语（祈使句的情形例外）。如：,1、暑假过得很开心,The summer vacation is happy.,We/They had a good time in the summer vacation.,(上面的这个汉语句子实际上没有主语，“暑假”在句中是状语。译成英语时须加主语We/They/He/I 等。),(F),(T),2、天气糟透了。整天刮大风下大雨的。,The weather was so bad.It blew hard and rai
10、ned heavily all the day.,（翻译时必须补出主语It。）,3、考试没过别泄气。,Dont lose heart if you dont pass the exam.（翻译时在从句中要补充出主语you.）,二、汉语中有很多无生物名词作主语，但在英语中要改用生物即人作主语。如：1、你的英语真棒。,Your English is excellent.You are excellent in English.,(F),(T),2、史密斯先生双目失明。,Mr Smiths eyes are blind.Mr Smith is blind in both eyes.,(F),(T),
11、三、汉语中的一些句子以生物即人作主语，但受表语形容词的制约，在英语中不可以人为主语。如：,1、你方便的话，请在六点钟来。,Please come at six if you are convenient.Please come at six if it is convenient to you.,(F),(T),2、你很难说服他不去逛街。,You are difficult to persuade him out of going shopping.It is difficult for you to persuade him out of going shopping.,但是我们可以说：En
12、glish is difficult to learn for some people.,(F),(T),四、汉语中有大量的无谓语动词句子，但英语是一种以动词为中心的语言，每个句子几乎都少不了谓语动词（省略句除外）。如：,1、这本书值得一读。,The book worth reading.The book is worth reading.,(F),(T),2、我父母每天都很忙。,My parents very busy every day.My parents are very busy every day.,(F),(T),五、汉语中及物动词与不及物动词、状态动词与动作动词的差别不大，界限
13、不明，但在英语 中却有严格区别和固定的用法模式。如：1、他与她结婚了。,He married with her.,(with 是多余的),(F),2、凡是党和人民所要求的，我一定做到。,Ill do what the Party and the people require me.,(译句中require 后须加 of。),(F),3、我开始学英语到现在已有十年了。,I have begun to learn English for ten years.It has been ten years since I began to learn English.,(F),(T),4、这本杂志我可以
14、借多久？,How long can I borrow this magazine?How long can I keep this magazine?,(borrow 是一个表示瞬间短暂行为的动作动词，当然不能与how long 连用。),(F),(T),5、父亲直到半夜才睡觉。,Father went to bed until midnight.Father didnt go to bed until midnight.Or:Father stayed up until midnight.,(F),(T),六、在汉语中，词形没有变化；在英语中却有丰富的词形变化。如：,医生建议他每天喝两杯牛奶
15、。,The doctor suggest that he drinks two glass of milk every day.The doctor suggests that he(should)drink two glasses of milk every day.,(F),(T),英语中名、形、副、动、数词等均有词形变化，其中以动词的形式变化最多，看下例：,1、西瓜切成了八等份。,The watermelon divides into eight equal shares.The watermelon is divided into eight equal shares.,(F),(T)
16、,2、从这一角度看，情况似乎没那么令人失望。,Looking at in this way,the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.Looked at in this way,the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.,(F),(T),强化重点、突出难点：情态动词、虚拟语气、从句、强调、倒装、否定、省略、主谓一致、比较等是大学英语语法的重难点从词法、句法层面上升到语篇层面：大学英语语法教学则更偏重句法的教学。句法教学体现在理解语篇当中的长难句,而理解长难句最多运用到的语法知识就是从句、平行比较结构和非谓语
17、动词短语三大语法规则,大学英语语法的重难点,如：The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element(分词短语作介宾)and prevented the decline in efficiency(and连接平行结构)that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms(that引导定语从句)in the second and third generation after the energetic
18、founders.(1996年考研英语阅读理解passage 3),这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。,语法内容复习,The first and most important step in gaining over the language is gaining control over its grammar.It is the knowledge of grammar that yields access to the rich possibilities of t
19、he language and the means to use it.,要掌握一门语言，首先要掌握其语法。只有掌握了语法，最终才能掌握语言，才能得心应手地运用之。,1.Beneath the streets of a modern city exists the network of walls,columns,cables,pipes,and tunnels.,在现代城市的街道下面，有着由墙、支柱、电缆、管道和地沟组成的网络。,2.Lively and interesting are the pictures of the past in this book.,这本书里的老照片生动而有趣。
20、,表语位于句首时所引起的倒装当作表语的形容词、副词、介词短语等位于句首时，常常引起倒装，其形式为完全倒装,3.Written on a sheet of paper was their suggestion on how to render after-sales service.,在一张纸上写着他们关于如何提供售后服务的建议,谓语的一部分位于句首时所引起的倒装 谓语的一部分的不定式、现在分词或过去分词位于句首时，便引起句子的倒装，其形式为完全倒装，,全部倒装,部分倒装,Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit
21、 ourselves but harm the interests of the state.,1.在任何情况下我们都不应该做利己而损害国家利益的事情。,2.只有在地球大气层之外，宇宙飞船达到极高的速度才是安全的。,Only outside the Earths atmosphere is it safe for a space vessel to attain extremely high velocity.,3.这些孩子如此痴迷于计算机，以致计算机夏令营的领导们往往不得不强迫他们停下来参加些体育活动和游戏。,So involved with their computers do the c
22、hildren become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.,4.他们都起来了，所以杰克也起来了。,They have all got up,and so has Jack。,5.我刚躺下，电话铃就响了。,No sooner had I lain down than the telephone rang.,我从未看见过这样美丽的公园。,Never before have I seen such a wonderful park.,6.物质的
23、电阻越大，其导电率就越小。,The greater resistance a substance has,the less is its conductivity.,7.他们虽然很勇敢，但害怕斗争。,Brave as they are,they are afraid of fight.,无论多忙，他都得去参加会议。,No matter how busy he is,he has to attend the meeting.,1._ to rain tomorrow,they would put off the meeting.A.If it should B.If were it C.Shou
24、ld it D.Were it 2._ got into the room _ the telephone rang.A.No sooner had he,when B.He hardly had,then C.Hardly had he,when D.He hardly had,then3._ find out what had happened.A.Until he woke up did he B.Until he woke up to C.Not until did he wake up he D.Not until he woke up did he.4.Little _ about
25、 his own health though he was very ill.A.he cared B.he cares C.does he care D.did he care,D,C,D,D,当堂练习,5.Early in the day _ the news _ the enemy were gone.A.come,that B.came,that C.comes,that D.came,what 6.Not only _ strict with us,but also _ for us.A.was the teacher;did he care B.was the teacher;he
26、 cared C.the teacher was;did he care D.the teacher was;did he care7._,he knows a lot of English.A.Child as he is B.As he is a Child C.A child as he is D.Child though he was 8._ the cat,she has to give it to the neighbor.A.As she likes much B.As she much likes C.Much as she likes D.As much she likes,
27、B,B,C,A,9.Be quick!_.A.Here comes the bus B.The bus here comes C.The bus come here D.Here the bus comes 10.If you want to go there,_.A.so will I B.so I will C.I will so D.so do I11.In front of the farmhouse _.A.does a small boy sit B.did a small boy sit C.sit a small boy D.sat a small boy 12.Scarcel
28、y _ down when _ a knock at the door.A.had he sat;did he hear B.he had sat;did he hear C.he had sat;he heard D.had he sat;he heard,A,A,D,D,13.Here _.A.does he come B.he comes C.comes he D.he come 14.Only _ that.A.can a doctor do B.a doctor can do C.can do a doctor D.can a doctor does15.Not even once
29、_ a lie.A.has Mike told B.Mike has told C.had Mike told D.Mike had told16.Up _ into the air.went the arrow B.the arrow went C.did the arrow go D.does the arrow go,B,B,A,A,17.Not for a moment _ what he said.A.I believed B.did I believe C.I would believe D.I believe18.In _ and the students stood up.A.
30、the teacher comes B.the teacher coming C.came the teacher D.did the teacher come 19.No sooner _ begun to speak than I realized that something was wrong.A.he has B.he had C.had he D.did he,B,C,C,1.-I would never come to this restaurant again.The food is terrible!-_.(2010四级)A.Nor am I B.Neither would
31、I C.Same with me D.So do I,答案B。第一个句子使用了would,用neither表示附和的意义时，助动词应与上文一致。,考情链接,2.I failed in the final examination last term and only then _ the importance of studies.(2010雅思)A.I realized B.I had realizedC.had I realized D.did I realize,解析：答案为D.句首为“only+副词”时，句子要用部分倒装语序；根据语境应为一般过去时态。,3.-Will you go sk
32、ating with me this winter vacation?-It _.(2010托福)all depended B.all dependsC.is all depended D.is all depending,解析：答案B。It all depends 是“不确定”、“看情况”的意思。,语法知识,(二)省略,为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。,1.简单句中的省略。,(1)所有格之后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。,例如：She is going to her uncles(house).她去舅舅家。,(2)
33、there+be结构中的引导词there以及谓语be，或同时省略，或省略there。,例如：(There are)No gains without pains.不劳无获。,(3)独立主格结构中的分词如为being或having been时，则多省去不用，意义不受影响。,例如：The meeting(being)over,we all left the room.,会议结束后我们都离开了房间。,语法知识,He was thought(to be)the cleverest boy in the group.,(4)两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式可省去to
34、。,例如：,（1）她的工作是照看孩子和洗衣服。,Her job is to take care of the children and(to)wash clothes.,(5)主(宾)语补足语中的to be往往省略。,例如：,（1）我们发现问题严重。,We found the problem(to be)serious.,（2）大家认为在小组中他最聪明。,语法知识,2.并列句子的省略。,并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语，不管它在句子中作何种成分，都可以省略。,例如：,His father is a doctor,and his mother(is)a nurse.,They do
35、nt go to the Summer Palace,neither do I(go to the Summer Palace).,3.从句中的省略,(1)宾语从句。以which,when,where,how和why引导的宾语从句在其谓语与主句谓语相同时，可省略全部谓语，甚至主语也省略，仅保留一个wh词。,例如：,She will go to Beijing,but I dont know when(she will go to Beijing.),（1）她将去北京但我不知道她何时去。,（2）她不能来，但我不知道为什么她不能。,She cant come,but I dont know why
36、(she cant come).,(2)定语从句,定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词。在非正式文体中，也可省略关系副词when和why。关系代词as后面的主谓结构也可省略。,例如：,（1）我永远不会忘记我进清华的日子。,I shall never forget the day(when)I entered Tsinghua University.,（2）他的回答如前。,He gave the same answer as before(=as he had given before).,（3）I like the novel for the very reason(why)you dislik
37、e it.,我喜欢那本小说的原因恰恰是你不喜欢它的原因。,他总是吃得过多。,(3)状语从句,在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中，如果主语与主句主语一致，或者主语是it,那么动词be及其主语通常可省略。,例如：,（1）他从小就爱好运动。,He likes sports when(he was)a child.,than和as引导的比较状语从句，如果意义明确，than和as后面的任何部分都可省略。,例如：,（2）He eats more than(what)is good for him.,时态一致,语法知识,(一)动词时态的一致时态的一致可以分为下面几种情况：1.简单句：当句子中有两个或两
38、个以上的谓语动词共用同一个主语时，一般谓语动词的时态要求保持一致。2.并列句：由并列连接词(有时可能省略掉连接词)连接的两个句子也要求时态上的一致，这类连接词有and,as well as等。由but连接的并列句，后面的句子往往有语气的转折，时态要视情况而定。3.主从复合句中主句和从句之间时态的一致关系。,考研英语完型填空语法之时态一致,几世纪前就证实了光的速度为每秒186，000英里。,3.主从复合句中主句和从句之间时态的一致关系。(1)在宾语从句中主句和从句之间的时态的一致关系，通常由主句谓语的时态决定从句谓语的时态。,例如：,（1）我有信心通过考试。,Im confident that
39、Ill pass the exam.,（2）他很幸运没有被杀死。,He was lucky that he wasnt killed.,(2)在主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致关系所遵守的法则和宾语从句相同。,例如：,（1）It appears that some little trouble was caused by a woman,whose name has not been ascertained.,看来这件小小的麻烦是由一个至今尚不清楚其姓名的女人所引起的。,（2）It was proved centuries ago that the speed of
40、light is 186,000 miles a second.,I painted several pictures that are now on show in themuseums.,(3)定语从句与主句的时态一致关系,（1）Almost every morning I receive invitation cards to visit exhibitions,on which are illustrations of the machines displayed.,例如：,几乎每天早晨我都要收到参观展览会的请柬，上面印着展出的机器的插图。,（2）我画了几张画，现在正在博物馆里展出。,
41、(二)主语、谓语的一致主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。处理主谓一致问题，可依据三项原则：语法上一致、意义上一致和就近一致。根据这些原则，总结如下：,1.谓语动词用单数。(1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般要用单数动词。,（2）It pays to work hard.,例如：,（1）To work hard is necessary.努力工作是必要的。,天道酬勤。,例如：Two weeks was too long.两周太长了。Ten dollars is a small sum.十美元是个小数目。,(2)事件、国家、机构名称、书
42、刊及其他作品的名称(专有名词)用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,例如：The United States was formed in 1776.美国于1776年成立。The New York Times still has a wide circulation.纽约时报发行量仍然很大。,(3)表示时间、距离、重量、度量、价值等的复数形式主语，习惯上用单数谓语动词。,(4)表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。,例如：Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.,(5)有些名词形式是复数，意义为单数，作主语时，
43、要求单数动词。,语言学是人类语言中的一个分枝。,例如：The chaos was stopped by the police.,混乱被警察阻止了。,The news is a great encouragement to us.,(6)主语是单数时，尽管后面跟as well as(以及)，no less than(不少于，多 达)，rather than(而不是)，more than(不止是，超过)，but(除了)，except(除外)，besides(加之，还有)，with(和一起，和一块儿)，along with(跟一起)，accompanied by(由陪同)，combined with
44、(加上)，in addition to(除以外)，including(包括)，together with(与一起)等，谓语动词仍用单数形式。,(7)某些不定代词，如：either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing 等，当他们作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。,例如：Each of the boys has an apple.每个孩子都有苹果。Somebody i
45、s using the phone.有人正在用电话。,但是口语中当either或neither后+of+复数名词(或代词)作定语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。,例如：Is(Are)either of the boys ready?两个男孩都准备好了吗?,(8)集合名词作主语表示整体概念时，动词用单数谓语形式。例如：The government is made up of senior members of the four main right wing parties.,这届政府由四个主要右翼党的高级官员组成。,His family is not very large.他的家庭并不太大。,(9)
46、用and连接的成分表示单一概念时，动词谓语用单数形式。,例如：Bread and butter is our daily food.黄油和面包是我们的日常食用品。Time and tide waits for no man.,该校的书记兼校长出席了会议。,The secretary and principal of the school was present at the meeting.,(10)用and连接的并列成分前面有each,every,many a,no等词修饰时，意义为单数，动词也相应地用单数形式。,例如：In China,every boy and girl has the
47、right to compulsory education.,在中国每个儿童都有权利接受义务教育。,Each man and woman who takes the TOEFL is supposed to get the score report in five weeks.。,(11)None(of+名词或代词)在正式文体中被看做单数，谓语动词用单数，但非正式文体中也可以用复数。,例如：None of us seem to have thought of it.我们中似乎没有人想到它。“Is there any letter for me?”“Sorry,theres none.”,非谓语
48、动词,语法知识,（一)不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。例如：Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。,考研英语完型填空语法之非谓语动词,(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。例如：Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the ru
49、sh hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验),(二)不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。A.不定式作表语。例如：To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。B.如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。例如：To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。,C.如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,hap
50、piness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。,例如：His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.,(2)动名词作表语：表示抽象的一般性的行为。例如：Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。,(3)分词作表语。表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词，汉语注解不是“激
