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1、Lesson Four,Professions for Women,Virginia Woolf,Author,Virginia Woolf is generally regarded as one of the greatest writers of modernism as well as one of the pioneers of womens liberation from patriarchy.,Virginia Woolf(1882-1941):a British writer and critic who was the most famous member of the Bl
2、oomsbury Group and is admired by feminists.Her novels,such as To the Lighthouse（到灯塔去,1927）and The Waves（海浪,1931）,use the style called stream of consciousness(意识流).,Virginia Woolfs Works,Novels：The Voyage Out(远航,1915年)Night and Day（时时刻刻,1919年)Jacobs Room（雅各的房间,1920年)Mrs.Dalloway（达洛维夫人,1925年)To the Li
3、ghthouse（到灯塔去,1927年)Orlando：a Biography（奥兰多,1928年)The Waves（海浪,1931年)The Years（岁月）(1937年)Between the Acts（幕间,1941年)Essays:“A Room of Ones Own”（一间自己的房间,1929年),Stream of Consciousness 意识流,Stream of Consciousness:the expression of thoughts and feelings in writing exactly as they pass through your mind,
4、without the usual structure they have in formal writing.,Bloomsbury group(布卢姆斯伯里团体),Bloomsbury Group：a group of artists and writers who lived and met each other regularly in Bloomsbury in the early part of the 20th century.,Modernism 现代主义,现代派,Modernism:Modern artistic or literary philosophy and prac
5、tice especially:a self-conscious break with the past and a search for new forms of expression,popular especially from the 1940s to the 1960s.,patriarchy,Patriarchy n.a social system in which the oldest man rules his family and passes power and possessions on to his sons家长制；族长制,Virginia Woolf is gene
6、rally regarded as one of the greatest writers of modernism as well as one of the pioneers of womens liberation from patriarchy.,Style,She is known for her experimentation and innovation in novel writing.In her novels,emphasis is not on plot or action but on the psychological realm of her characters
7、and the moment-by-moment experience of living,which are depicted by the techniques of interior monologue and stream of consciousness.Her books are also noted for their poetic and symbolic quality,their subtle style and their rich historical and literary reference.,Virginia Woolfs experimentation and
8、 innovation,1.the psychological realm of her characters,2.the moment-by-moment experience of living,人物的内心/心理世界,瞬间的生活经历,Virginia Woolfs Techniques,1.interior monologue 2.stream of consciousness 3.poetic and symbolic quality 4.subtle style 5.rich historical and literary reference,内心独白,意识流,诗性/象征意义,风格微妙
9、,丰富的历史与文学参照/引文,But the article chosen for this textbook is relatively easy,with her thoughts well organized,clearly presented and vividly illustrated.,Woolf is Difficult to Read.,First obstacle:the Angel in the HouseSolution:Kill it,She uses a vivid metaphor killing the Angel in the House to describ
10、e her resolution to avoid the traditional womans role as a sympathizer to men.,To illustrate this point,she employs the second metaphor-“the image of a fisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake,”who tries to explore the deepest part of the lake,but is disturbed by something hard.,Se
11、cond obstacle:Gender-consciousnessSolution:Try to remain unconscious,unsolved,Third metaphor:Rooms of Your Own,In conclusion,she states:You have won rooms of your own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men But this freedom is only a beginning;the room is your own,but it is still bare.It has
12、to be furnished;it has to be decorated;it has to be shared.,A paper read to the Womens Service League in 1931.,Professions for women,Detailed Study of the Text,Paragraph 1:Opening ParagraphWhat is the main idea of Paragraph 1?Woolf finds that there are fewer experiences peculiar to women in the prof
13、ession of literature than in other professions,because many women writers before her have made the road smooth.,Q:Why fewer?,A:“For the road was cut many years ago”,The implied meaning is that other professions,such as science,medicine,law,are newer for women,and therefore the road is harder for the
14、m.The profession of drama is an exception.Like literature,drama also involves more women than other professions.,For the road was cut many years ago-by Fanny Burney,by Aphra Behn,by Harriet Martineau,by Jane Austen,by George Eliot-many famous women,and many more unknown and forgotten,have been befor
15、e me,making the path smooth,and regulating my steps.,Fanny Burney(1752-1840)Burneys four novels have earned her favorable comparisons to other giants of the genre-Austen,Richardson,Dickens-and Virginia Woolfs declaration that she is the mother of English fiction.,Fanny Burney,Aphra Behn,Aphra Behn(J
16、uly 10,1640April 16,1689)was a prolific dramatist of the Restoration and the first professional woman writer in English literature.,English writer,whose writings,characterized by advanced views on social,economic,and religious questions,caused considerable controversy in her time.a fervent abolition
17、ist,Harriet Martineau(1802-1876),Jane Austen(1775-1817),English novelist,noted for her witty studies of early-19th-century English society.Pride and prejudice,Sense and Sensibility Emma,George Eliot(1819-1880),pseudonym of Mary Ann or Marian Evans,English novelist,whose books,with their profound fee
18、ling and accurate portrayals of simple lives,give her a place in the first rank of 19th-century English writers.Her fame was international,and her work greatly influenced the development of French naturalism.Adam Bede(1859),The Mill on the Floss(1860),and Silas Marner(1861).,Thus,when I came to writ
19、e,there were very few material obstacles in my way.Q:What is implied in this statement?A:The implied meaning is that there are other obstacles in her way,probably obstacles opposed to material,that is,obstacles of a spiritual,mental or psychological nature.,“the family purse”-metonymy,Here the word“
20、purse”is used figuratively.It stands for money,financial conditions,e.g.the family purse：家庭财力/经济.This kind of figure of speech is called metonymy(换喻，转喻）,in which the name of one thing is used in place of that of another associated with or suggested by it.e.g.the White House for the President,the cro
21、wn for the king or the queen”.,Metonymy(换喻，转喻）,The pen is mightier than the sword.(Here the instrument pen or sword is used as the name of the people wielding it.)He succeeded by the sweat of his brow.(Sweat of ones brow stands for ones own hard work.)He is too fond of the bottle.(The container is u
22、sed as a name of the thing contained-wine,liqueur,or drinking in general.),Pianos and models,Paris,Vienna and Berlin,masters and mistresses,are not needed by a writer.,What is implied here?,If you want to be a musician or a painter,you must own a piano or hire models,and you have to visit or even li
23、ve in cultural centers like Paris,Vienna and Berlin.And also you have to be taught by masters and mistresses.However,if you want to be a writer,you dont need all these.,The cheapness of writing paper is,of course,the reason why women have succeeded as writers before they have succeeded in the other
24、professions.Q:What can you infer about women at that time?A:a lower financial status than men,Paragraph 2 Main Idea:,She tells of how she became a book reviewer when she was a girl.Paragraphs 1 and 2 can be read together as the beginning part of the whole speech,introducing the topic under discussio
25、n.,From left to rightFrom morning till nightFrom beginning to endFrom top to toeFrom China to Peru,red box at the corner,bread and butter:synecdoche,synecdoche by which a part is used for a whole,an individual for a class,a material for a thing,or the reverse of any of these.,Synecdoche,We need 50 h
26、ands for the work.(Hands rather than feet are used to stand for people.)It was a fleet of 20 sails.(Sails for ships)Have you got any coppers?(Coppers for pennies,coins made of copper)He is a foot soldier.(Foot for infantry),Main Idea of Paragraph 3,This paragraph is an important part of her speech.I
27、n this paragraph the speaker focuses on the first obstacle to becoming a professional woman writer.She uses a figure of speech killing the Angel in the House in describing her determination to get rid of the conventional role of women in her writing.,Main Idea of Paragraph 4,After the Angel was dead
28、,the question which remains to be answered is What is a woman?“It is a transitional link between the authors first and second experiences.,Main Idea of Paragraph 5,In this paragraph the author talks about her second experience in her profession of literature.As a novelist,she wished to remain as unc
29、onscious as possible so that nothing might disturb or disquiet the imagination.But she was faced with the conflict between her own approach to art and the conventional approach expected of her by male critics.She believed that sex-consciousness was a great hindrance to womens writing.To illustrate t
30、his point,she employs a second figure of speech,the image of a fisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake.”,Main Idea of Paragraph 6,This paragraph sums up the authors two experiences,pointing out that the second obstacle is more difficult to overcome than the first.Women have many p
31、rejudices to overcome in the profession of literature and especially in new professions that women are entering.(2)Why is the second obstacle more difficult to solve?The first has to do with the conscious way of thinking,ones education,social attitudes and traditional values,etc.The second experienc
32、e has to do with ones unconscious,the depths of the unconscious being.Thus it is more difficult to define,to examine and certainly harder to deal with.,Main Idea of Paragraph 7,In this last paragraph,Woolf concludes her speech by raising some important questions concerning the new role of women and
33、the new relationship between men and women.,Paragraph 3 Main Idea:the first obstacle to becoming a professional woman writer,She uses a figure of speech killing the Angel in the House in describing her determination to get rid of the conventional role of women in her writing.,And while I was writing
34、 this review.,do battle with a certain phantom.,This word is well chosen for the discourse.It has a literary meaning and a figurative meaning.The literary meaning:something apparent to sense but with no substantial existence,a specterThe figurative meaning:something elusive or visionary,an illusion,
35、The Angel in the House:The title of a poem written by Coventry Patmore(1823-1896).In 1854 the first part of the long poem The Angel in the House appeared,and the complete poem was published in 1863.For Patmore,his wife Emily represented all that was perfect about a Victorian wife and head of the hom
36、e.The poem became very famous and attracted a multitude of readers.,Angel,The original meaning of the word angel is a messenger of God and a supernatural being.The conventionalized image of an angel is one of a white-robed figure in human form with wings and a halo.When used figuratively,the word me
37、ans a person regarded as being as beautiful,good,innocent,etc.as an angel,especially said of women and children.,Victorian era,Literally,its used to refer to things and events in the reign of Queen Victoria(1837-1901)Connotations:prudish,repressed,and old fashioned.Victorian England saw great expans
38、ion of wealth,power,and culture.,She was intensely sympathetic.She was immensely charming.She was utterly unselfish.,The author lists three important qualities of a Victorian woman.Intensely means having or showing strong emotion,firm purpose,and great seriousness.If she is intensely sympathetic,her
39、 sympathy is firm and serious.Immensely means limitless,vast,and huge.Utterly means not only totally,completely but also unqualified and unconditionally.她有着强烈的同情心。她有着无限的魅力。她有着彻底的无私精神。,She excelled in the difficult arts of family life.,sacrificed herself daily.,Another two qualities of a Victorian id
40、eal woman.They reveal womens subordinate role in the family and society.,If there was chicken,she took the leg.,Q:Why?A:Differences in eating habits.,if there was a draught she sat in it.,Q:Why?A:Draught means a current of air in a room.As the English weather is typically chilly,it is not pleasant t
41、o sit in the draught.The most comfortable place in an English house is,by the fireplace.,She was so constituted that she never had a mind or wish of her own.,She was made up,formed or designed in such a way that she never had an opinion or wish of her own.By the word constituted the author does not
42、mean physically she was built that way,but the traditional values that were so deeply planted in her mind deprived her of a mind of her own.The word mind has multiple meanings.In this sentence it means what one thinks；opinion,as in Speak your mind.,but preferred to sympathize always with the minds a
43、nd wishes of others:,but preferred to think and act in harmony with other peoples minds and wishes sympathize.(rare)to be in harmony or accord,she was pure,Of all the qualities,purity was the most important one.The word pure means virgin,chaste,and virtuous.,Queen Victoria(1819-1901),Queen of Great
44、Britain and Ireland,Empress of India.Victorias long reign began in 1837 and ended when she died in 1901.Victorias reign saw the rapid industrialization of Britain,and a vast growth of national wealth,reflected in the imperialism of the late 19th century.The whole reign may be divided into two phases
45、,each roughly thirty years long.The first period is characterized mainly by moderate and gradual political reforms,the rapid growth of industry,an enormous increase in population and the rise to power of the industrial middle class.,Queen Victoria(1819-1901),The second period is characterized by a d
46、eclining birth rate,an increasingly jingoistic nationalism(沙文主义）,the looming specter of mass unemployment and economic crisis,the tendency of the new science to undermine deeply held religious convictions and the reflection in literature of a growing disillusionment with traditional moral values.The
47、 term Victorian is used to refer to the 63-year reign of Queen Victoria,to the English people of the period,to the literature written in this period,to their characteristics,sentiments,beliefs,tastes,and accomplishments.This term is often used to suggest the qualities and attitudes prevailing in the
48、 time,such as moral severity or hypocrisy,middle-class stuffiness(古板),and pompous conservatism that are usually associated with the time of Queen Victoria.,In those days-the last days of Queen Victoria-every house had its Angel.,This sentence can be interpreted on two levels.On the first level,in th
49、e last days of Queen Victoria,every house had a woman like that,who was sympathetic,charming,unselfish and above all pure.On a deeper level,in the last period of the reign of Queen Victoria,the belief that every woman should be sympathetic,charming,unselfish,and above all pure，was prevalent in Engli
50、sh society.,Be sympathetic;be tender;flatter;deceive;use all the arts and wiles of our sex.,(1)These words said by the Angel in the House reflect the traditional Victorian values about gender roles.As soon as the author began to write her review,she seemed to hear a voice telling her what to do.(2)T
