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1、新课标解读三维目标在小学语文教学中的运用初探高万昌（甘肃省会宁县党家岘乡梁河小学，甘肃 白银 ）摘要：“知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观”三个维度的新理念，教育者要正确理解并在语文教学中综合运用，探索和实践。首先要改变旧的教育观念和方法，把三维目标贯穿于语文识字、阅读教学之中，做到与时俱进，培养世纪英才。关键词： 三维目标；语文教学；综合运用；创新能力；与时俱进中图分类号：文献标识码：文章编号：（）“知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观”三个维度的新理念，是语文课程标准之纲，三个方面互相联系，融为一体，贯穿在所有的教学过程之中。只有准确理解三个维度的各自内涵及相互交叠渗透关系，并在
2、实际教学中综合运用，才能科学地实施新理念下的语文教学，进而全面提高学生的语文素养。培养学生热爱祖国语文的思想感情，指导学生正确地理解和运用祖国语文，丰富语言的积累，培养语感、发展思维，使他们具有适应实际需要的识字写字能力、阅读能力、写作能力、口语交际能力。还应重视提高学生的品德修养和审美情趣，使他们逐步形成良好的个性和健全的人格，促进德、智、体、美、劳的和谐发展。笔者在小学语文教学中，不论是在教学设计上或是教学方法上，都进行了认真的探索和实践。一、改变陈旧的教育观念和方法思想观念是行动的先导和前提。以教育而言，有什么样的教育思想观念，就必然有相应的教育行为。原国家教委副主任柳斌说：“教育思想的
3、转变是用好教材，提高义务教育质量的前提。”传统的语文教学一直把学生视为客体，在课堂中教师主宰一切，搞“一言堂”，唱“独角戏”，学生像一只只装知识的“水桶”，教师给他们“注入”多少，他们就装多少，缺少了学习的自主性和独立性，更谈不上学习主体地位的落实。结果造成了学校教育培养目标的方向性迷失。所以，转变教育观念，是综合运用三维目标的关键，刻不容缓。二、三维目标在识字教学中的应用“识字、写字是阅读和写作的基础。”识字教学是语文教学的重要内容，小学语文课程标准对识字提出“认识个左右常用汉字。能正确工整地写汉字，并有一定速度。”为此，在识字教学中应大胆创新，灵活运用三维目标。如教北师大版小学语文一年级下
4、册第单元丁丁冬冬学识字，学习之初，鼓励学生自主认读词语，在具体的语言环境中识字。“词语”的整个出现减低了认字的难度；紧接着，运用“识字小窍门”的方法引导学生观察、分析、比较字形，从音、形、义三个方面发现汉字的构字规律，形象感知汉字声旁表音、形旁表意的构字特点，从中掌握了识字方法，提高了识字的能力。这是“知识与技能、过程与方法”的综合运用。针对教材的特点，在重点指导学生学完木字旁的汉字后，要及时总结学法，放手让学生自学草字头、竹字头的字。通过学法的迁移、运用，激发了学生自主学习的热情，培养了学生自主识字的能力。最后通过拓展练习，鼓励学生运用所学知识辨析形近字，以及课外继续识字，使所学的知识得到进
5、一步的巩固与深化。这也是“情感态度与价值观”在小学生识字中的体现。教师立足课本，面向课外，层层深入，在短时间内组织学生有效识字，效果显著。三、三维目标在阅读教学中的应用阅读教学中如何运用“三维”目标呢？以人教版小学五年制第八册可爱的草塘为例：首先让学生“一边读一边体会哪些词用得特别好，并用波浪线画出来。”这是我设计的品味语言的训练。进而引导学生有感情地朗读，体会作者的思想感情，体会草塘的美丽景色。充分体现阅读教学以读为本，以语悟情的特征，这主要属于“知识与能力”的维度，也伴随着情感体验。（下转第页） 总第期新教材透视创新的合作，对学习语文有很大的益处。例如，卖火柴的小女孩一课中的小女孩在大雪纷
6、飞的大年夜的大街上的墙角，多次擦燃火柴，分别幻想到了暖和的大火炉、香喷喷的烤鹅、美丽的圣诞树、以及亲爱的奶奶，并跟着奶奶一起飞到那没有寒冷也没有痛苦的地方去了。课文只配有幻想到奶奶的一幅图，这时指导学生将小女孩幻想到的其它内容，分别绘制成了画面。这些连环画展示了学生的想象力。又如，美丽的小兴安岭介绍了小兴安岭一年四季的诱人景色，不愧为美丽的大花园、巨大的宝库。由于课文的插图只是再现了冬天白雪覆盖的景象，所以其他的季节就成了发挥智慧的想象空间。新课结束后，让学生结合教材中的语言描述，选画一幅小兴安岭的春天、夏天或秋天图。利用插图进行观察，培养学生的观察能力。人们认识事物总是从观察开始的，只有通过
7、观察才能发现问题，进而解决问题。观察能力是认识客观事物的最基本能力。观察能力要从小培养，在教学中，教师可以利用插图对学生进行观察训练，让学生有目的、有计划地观察插图，进而进行大胆的猜测与合理的想象，从而有效地培养学生的观察能力。如教师可运用插图，引导学生学会由远及近，从主要到次要，从整体到局部有顺序地观察事物。若是景物类，可以引导学生按一定的顺序来看看图上画了哪些景物，应以哪种为主？景物的颜色、（上接第页）让所有的学生边读边体会有关字词，并用波浪线勾画，体现了全员参与学习的过程的要求。再次，提问：“课文中，你最喜欢哪一段？”这样的提问有助于凸显学生的自主性与独特感受。“把你最喜欢的段落读一读，
8、然后同你周围的同学说一说（或写一写），假如你是小丽，面对家乡优美的景色、丰富的物产，你心情如何？”这一教学片断中“读一读”、“说一说”的训练，体现了语文听、说、读、写技能的训练要求，向周围同学描绘自己家乡优美的景色，让学生的自主性、自信心得到很好的张扬，内心的情感得到自由的放飞。然后，班内分角色汇报读。并引导学生读出小丽自豪、高兴的心情，以及“我”捉鱼时兴奋的情感，让学生在表演中品读片段，学生读后给予鼓励。学生朗读的形状、大小、位置各是怎样？谈谈看了这些景物的感受，等等；如果是人物类插图，可以引导学生观察图上有几个人物，谁是主要人物，插图中人物的情感变化，人与人的交流方式相同的地方与不相同的地
9、方，从人物的外貌、衣着、特点分辨出人物特点及个性特征。观察与想象紧密相连，观察是催生想象的基础和媒介。在学生充分观察的基础上，可以根据教学需要提出一定问题，引发想象。罗丹说：“不是生活中缺少美，而是缺少发现美的眼睛。”教材插图中蕴藏着无限的教学资料，它决不是一种摆设和点缀，而是一种宝贵的教学财富。教师要做有心人，善于挖掘，让课文插图走进学生的大脑。我们应该认真地研读插图，科学地开发、运用插图，让它为阅读教学发挥更大的作用。参考文献：朱瑛课文插图：语文教材的第二语言教学与管理，（）陈雪平利用教材插图培养学生能力小学教学参考，（）潘景荣发挥教材优势充分使用插图小学教学研究，（）时，用惊喜、愉快、赞
10、美的感情去读。整个段落语气要轻柔，朗读时让学生体会、想象，在头脑中浮现画面，与作者一起进入“这草塘真美啊”的情景中。小河“奇特”部分用赞美、惊喜、恋恋不舍的语气，读出作者对北大荒的喜爱之情。描写小河的排比句，朗读时从停顿、重音、节奏三方面去把握。范读并诱导读法后可征求学生意见：“ 同学们谁再愿意读读吗？”这关切的语气充满着期待和鼓励，学生在这充满关爱的氛围中更富有感情地朗读。整个学习过程中，就体现了“知识与能力、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观”，三个维度融为一体，有机渗透的特点。总之，我们要把三维目标贯穿和渗透于日常的语文教学过程之中，做到与时俱进，为祖国现代化建设培养出具有创新能力的新世纪英才
11、，这也是笔者所追求和探情感和语调由欠好到较佳，朗读的水平由较低到渐高。索并要达到的最佳目标。最后，教师边范读边诱导。如学生朗读草塘美景 总第期Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always won
12、der what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way befo
13、re my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events,
14、 but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch
15、a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the w
16、inds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory
17、.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. A
18、s soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communic
19、ations), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - wi
20、nds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers)
21、, drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/
22、36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell b
23、e traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting
24、the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Inst
25、ead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness a
26、t mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
