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1、Lesson 14 语言重组技巧Reconstruction skills教学目标：使学生掌握语言重组技巧教学内容：语言重组技巧，语言重组技巧练习，短文练习I Theory and skills翻译不是在两种语言中寻找字词或句法的完全对应，而是追求信息的对等。但是由于时间和心理上的巨大压力，口译员在工作时容易受原语的限制，在译文中常会生搬硬套原语的表达和结构，使译文不符合目的语的习惯，有时甚至不知所云。如有的同学听到”We started this magazine to write about people who make things happen in business.”就会译成：“
2、我们创办这本杂志是写那些使商界事情发生的人。”什么是“是事情发生的人”？其实就是商界的开拓者，改变商业社会的人。因此译员听到一段讲话后应尽量脱离原语的结构，抽取其含义，用符合目的与习惯的方法将信息重新组织。由于汉英两种语言文化的巨大差异，有些表达方式直译过来并不能在目的语中产生所预期的效果，例如第二课“译员须知”中提到的中国人表示问候或尊重的方式。直译过来容易让一些英语国家的人产生误解和不悦。有的字词在目的语中没有现成的对等词汇，需要进行必要的解释，有的讲话人因为过于紧张或者准备不足而罗嗦重复，词不达意，甚至说到一半就卡壳，这种情况下译员应本着出于讲话人的原则，对讲话进行必要的整理和补充，以协
3、助讲话人传递信息。常用的重组技巧有转换、释义、增补、省略等几种。转换（conversion）有词性和句型的转换，例如英语中的名词和介词在汉语中常常译为动词，如“He is a good public speaker.”译成“他很擅长演讲”；而“我谨代表（厦门）市委市政府”则转化为英语的介词结构：“on behalf of the municipal government, and the CPC (Xiamen) committee”才更符合英文的习惯。释义（paraphrasing）也是口一种一种重要的语言重组技巧。对于口译员来说，一词多译或一句多译的练习十分重要，因为这种变通能够帮助译员避
4、免因为某些词句而卡壳，导致口译不连贯甚至中断。使用增补（addition）和省略（omission）的技巧并不意味着在组织译文时可以任意自由发挥，而是要使之符合目的语习惯，协助发言人更好地传达其说话意图，并帮助听众更好地理解信息。如前文提到的发言人重复啰嗦的时候译员可以省略啰嗦的部分，发言人想表达却没能表达出来的意思可以帮助他表达完整；如遇到发言人是专家而听众时非专业人士的情况时，可以适当对一些专业词汇进行解释，以帮助听众更好地接收信息。II Skills practiceRemind students to interpret meaning instead of words so they
5、 dont get stuck over words or structures when an immediate equivalent cant be found. Try to use reconstruction skills including conversion, paraphrasing, addition or deletion, to facilitate communication in the TL.13.1 大发展我们将继续坚持“大开放促大开发，大开发促大发展”的方针，适应我国加入世界贸易组织的新形势，积极致力于与国际惯例接轨，加快政府职能转变，减少行政审批事项,整顿
6、和规范市场经济秩序, 着力营造符合市场化要求的公开、公正、平等的法制环境，统一、稳定、公平的政策环境，诚实守信的信用环境，“亲商、重商、安商、富商”的社会环境，敢富、争富、快富的舆论环境，生态文明的人居环境，不断提高服务质量和水平，确保中外企业在四川得到最好的支持和服务。同时，我们将进一步创新直接利用外资的方式，通过出售产权引进外资；探索引进各类投资基金、探索BOT、TOT等灵活多样的方式；积极引进国内外资，转移在国内的生产基地和研发基地；积极邀请外商到四川设代表处，为已有的投资企业创造条件增资扩股；积极尝试在境外利用外资。通过加强交流合作，实现优势互补、共同发展。Cheap coffee b
7、ad for the environmentThe fact that we can drink cheaper and cheaper coffee actually means coffee growers are getting less and less out of the same field they plant. So they have to grow more in order to maintain the income. This however, means destruction to forests and the eco-environment. With ev
8、ery cup of coffee drink, we are helping toward the destruction.Every new round of earth exploration doesnt bring human beings material enjoyment alone, but also ecological catastrophe. Forests and greenbelt are the lungs of the earth, which keep the air on the earth fresh and provide necessary oxyge
9、n for survival of animals. But with the development of human society, the earths lungs are shrinking dramatically due to destruction. Dimons OBrien, a scientist from the World Wildlife Conservation society, said, if no appropriate protective measure is taken, every cup of coffee we drink brings dama
10、ge to the environment or even accelerates the extinction of some species.Though people are spending more and more money on coffee consumption, coffee growers are getting less and less. Partly due to the increased costs of production, storage, transportation and distribution, partly to the decreased
11、price of coffee. To get as much profits possible. The manufactures and sellers have to go all out to lower the purchase price of coffee beans. The annual sales volume of coffee in USA is 70 billionSumatra is the second largest island of Indonesia and is known for its typical tropical rain forest and
12、 dozens of rare animals and plants. The beautiful Sumatra is also home to cheap instant coffee. In order to maintain their income against the dropping price, coffee growers have to plant more coffee trees. Since 1996 the coffee planting area on the island has increased 28% at the price of 30% vanish
13、ed forests. Ecological diversity is greatly destroyed in those coffee plantations since only coffee trees are found making it difficult for wild animals to survive.In order to protect the rare wildlife eco-environment, experts call on international society to protect the purchasing price of coffee b
14、eans and the local governments to limit the expansion of coffee planting areas.III. Interpreting exercise提示：请先熟悉列出的词汇与短语后再听录音，并在录音停顿时开始口译。印度洋海啸词汇与短语印度洋海啸震惊悲痛斯里兰卡突发灾难灾区传染性疾病捐款援助痛定思痛罪魁祸首归咎于占用地方珊瑚礁浅水地带红树林养虾砍伐惨痛代价预警机制The Indian Ocean TsunamishockgriefSri Lankaunexpected disasterdisaster-stricken areasin
15、fectious diseasesdonationdisaster relief aidreflect upon the disasterprimary causehold responsibleexpropriatecoral reefshallow water areasmangrovesfarm prawnslog(suffer) a heavy lossPreventive and warning mechanismsLanguage tips1. 使全球陷入了震惊和悲痛: (The tsunami) plunged the whole world into shock and gri
16、ef 2. 无数家庭失去父母、兄弟和姐妹：countless families lost their loved ones.3. （国际社会。）找到薄弱环节：to find out what still needs to be done4. 加强对民众如何在地震和海啸发生时逃生的宣传和教育: raise peoples awareness of how to survive earthquakes and tsunamis.5. 全人类携起手来，共同努力: if the whole world works together / if we join hands and work togethe
17、r / if the human race acts colletively2004年底发生的印度洋海啸，使全球陷入了震惊和悲痛。它席卷了印尼、泰国、斯里兰卡等诸多印度洋沿岸国家，死亡人数接近30万，仅在印尼就造成至少10万人死亡，无数家庭失去父母、兄弟和姐妹。在这场突发的灾难中，直接或间接受灾的人数达到500万。国际社会对受灾地区进行了积极援救和捐款。中国政府和民间对灾区的援助超过了12亿人民币。在人类已进入21世纪的今天，人类社会还发生如此大的悲剧，让人深思。痛定思痛，人们不禁要问，这样的悲剧，为何会发生，能否避免？人们对灾难发生的原因进行了广泛的探讨和分析。首先，这是大自然对人类行为的惩
18、罚。人类的沿海大量修改房屋以及对自然环境的破坏，是这次灾害如此重大的罪魁祸首。发生地震并引发海啸是自然界的正常现象，然而一次海啸造成几十万人死亡，不能完全归咎于大自然，因为人类占用了本不应占用的地方。为了吸引游客，许多国家在海边盖起了密密麻麻的旅馆、饭店，这无疑增加了人们受到自然灾害侵袭的危险。有专家指出，珊瑚礁以及生长在海岸边浅水地带的红树林，能保护海岛免受海啸侵袭。而在过去二三十年里，人们为了在海边的浅水地捕虾、养虾，大量砍伐海边红树林，结果人们为此付出了惨重代价。 其次，没有海啸预警机制使人们毫无提防。此次灾难的发生是地震引起的，但对人类造成巨大灾难的不是地震本身，而是地震引起的海啸。海
19、啸发生前两小时就已经发生了地震，在不少地区都有明显震感。如果事先拥有一个非常有效的海啸预防和警告机制，当地的人们就会有足够的时间逃生，那样，海啸造成的人员伤亡和财产损失就会降低。灾难发生后，一些国家的领导人发表谈话，敦促国际社会共同采取预防措施，努力将类似海啸这样的自然灾害的损失降到最低限度。人们应从这次自然灾害中汲取教训，共同承担保护地球环境的责任。相关国家的政府应联合起来，尽快建立一个预警系统。国际社会必须从印度洋这场灾难中吸取教训，找到薄弱环节，并加强对民众如何在地震和海啸发生时逃生的宣传和教育。只要全人类携起手来，共同努力，虽然我们并不能避免类似的自然灾害再度发生，但我们一定能把灾难的
20、损失减少到最低限度。Its time to be green词汇与短语bring coals to Newcastle 班门弄斧，多此一举committed 下定决心的，致力于的abuse the ecology of the planet 破坏地球的生态indestructible 不可破坏的、不可摧毁的devastation 灾难fertilizers, pesticides, other chemicals and siltsmothering marine creature化肥、杀虫剂、化学产品和煤粉都在不断地毒害和扼杀海洋生物bottom trawling 海底拖网捕捞fell 砍倒
21、coral forests 珊瑚礁smother 扼杀motorization and industrialization 机动化和工业化genetic engineering 基因工程test (the limits) to breaking point 试探极限deplete 剥夺be green instead of greedy 停止贪婪，绿化生活take both personal and political will 个人和政府的共同努Language tips1. make a positive difference in this world: 积极地改变世界、使世界变得更美好
22、2 when that half-way point known as peak oil is reached, it becomes physically impossible to increase production no matter how hard you pump it.Peak oil:石油峰值3. to live within its income rather than depleting its capital：应该取之有度，而非使其枯竭4. its time to be green: 该开始保护我们的环境了。是时候绿化我们的生活了。Distinguished gues
23、ts, ladies and gentlemen,I feel humbled to be asked to give this speech. I feel like I am bringing coals to Newcastle in the presence of this distinguished audience here. The essence of my speech today is this: Never underestimate the power of a few committed people to change the world. If you remem
24、ber nothing else I hope you will never forget that all of you, everyone one of you, can make a positive difference in this world. Whats more, if you act collectively with other people, your influence will be that much greater. /We need to make a difference, because we face real and serious threats t
25、o our very survival. We know there is only one earth yet human beings refuse to respect that fact. We continually abuse the ecology of the planet to the point that it is collapsing. /At ground level the earth seems huge, indestructible, but beneath the surface of that beautiful blue ocean is devasta
26、tion. Tonnes of fertilisers, pesticides, other chemicals and silt are poisoning and smothering marine creatures. In many places, the ocean floor is barren, where bottom trawling has felled ancient coral forests and unique marine communities still unknown to science. Many species of fish and marine m
27、ammals and birds are gone or rare. Ecologists worldwide are warning that we face ecological collapse in the oceans, and that means the collapse of our fishing industry too. /Climate change is a direct consequence of our massive consumption of fossil fuels: coal, gas and oil. Our oil consumption has
28、been so extravagant that we have used up, in just one century, around half of what the planet has to offer. When that half-way point known as peak oil is reached, it becomes physically impossible to increase production no matter how hard you pump it. /When we reach that peak, demand will continue to
29、 rise, not just from Western societies that have used most of the oil so far, but also from countries such as China and India, trying to catch up with our level of motorization and industrialization. Imagine what would happen to the planet if the two billion people in those two countries squandered
30、resources like we do? We cant expect them to contain their consumption if we dont reduce ours. /Nature has its limits and we are testing them to breaking point. We are our own worst enemy. We think that technology can solve everything when in fact many of our technologies, such as genetic engineerin
31、g, are part of the problem. We cant beat nature, but we can work with it to live within its income rather than depleting its capital. /Instead of driving even faster as we get closer to the edge of the cliff, its time to slow down. Its time to be green instead of greedy. We need to change the way we
32、 live, to change the way we work, to change the way we do business and to change the rules that governments make. That takes both personal and political will. / Homework提示：请先熟悉列出的词汇与短语后再听录音，并在录音停顿时开始口译。对话环保词汇与短语植树节世界水日世界气象日地球日国际生物多样性日世界环境日警报可持续发展环保理念Arbor DayWorld Water DayWorld Meteorological DayEa
33、rth DayInternational Biological Diversity DayWorld Environment Daywarningsustainable developmentawareness of environmental protection主持人： 欢迎大家来到我们的节目。翻开日历大家都会发现，每年当中都有许多值得人们纪念的日子。比如，3月12日是我国的植树节，3月22号是世界水日，3月23号是世界气象日，4月22号是地球日，5月22日是国际生物多样性日，6月5日是世界环境日。这些纪念日之所以说它们特别，是因为它们都和环保有关。在倡导环保理念的人们的眼中，这些日子是一
34、个纪念，也是一个警惕，同时更是一种期待。那么在今天的节目时间当中，我们将围绕着环保展开对话。现在让我们用掌声，请出我们今天的嘉宾，莫瑞斯斯特朗先生。我们请莫瑞斯斯特朗先生跟大家介绍一下您的个人情况，比如您今年高寿？Mr. Strong: Well, I am feeling like I am 21, but the calendar says I will be 75 next month.主持人： 不过我们觉得，您此刻坐在我们的现场，更像是21岁，年轻充满了活力的斯特朗先生。过去因为南北方利益不同，大家对于环保的理解和所站的立场肯定是完全不一样的，那么即使到了今天，您个人觉得，在发达国家和
35、发展中国家之间，对于环境保护这个观点的认同上，是差异更大了，还是在不断的缩小当中？Mr. Strong: There is a great deal more knowledge now. We understand much better. What is actually happening is we have a lot experience and new technologies to help manage these problems, but we are still not doing adequately. Even with all the progress, the
36、scientists tell us that basic conditions are still deteriorating. And this means that prospects for the human future are being affected by our inadequate environmental performance. But the difference is that we now what we are doing. We know more or less how to fix the problems, but not everything.
37、We must continue to learn, but we are not doing it sufficiently. What is encouraging about China is your leadership. I have just been listening to the Peoples Congress where your leadership said your economic growth is in god balance for social and environmental considerations. You have human-center
38、ed, people-centered development and scientific development because it is coming from your leadership, which means that they fully recognize that your economic growth must be managed much more carefully in the future. Otherwise the national growth, economic growth to improve the strength of the count
39、ry and the life of people will not be realized, unless that growth is on the sustainable growth pathway. What China does or what China does not do will affect the future of the whole world.主持人： 我非常同意您的观点，我觉得在当今的中国来讲，伴随着经济的高速发展，环保的问题也已经上升到国家安全这样一个高度上来，所以其实很多人都在思考着怎么样走这样一条全面协调可持续发展的道路。而且中国怎样走这条路是不是对世界
40、环境的未来有着举足轻重的影响？Mr. Strong: Why I am so convinced that China is the key is because China is the largest country in the world: China is the fastest growing. But we know, we now see for example the Yellow River, the mother river, it has three times as much soil sediment it carries three times as much a
41、s the Amazon and the Mississippi put together. Of your 4,000 lakes in China, 3,000 have already dried up. The others are in the process of being dried up or polluted. This is happening.I am not criticizing your development because you have gained real benefits. But at the same time, we know that Chi
42、na will not have a future, that is, a future life for its people and its land unless something is done. Sustainable development is not an option for development it is an absolute necessity and it has to be in everybodys mind. There has to be a sustainable development revolution, as important as your
43、 original political revolution. I think it is the key. China must be central to that revolution, not because the world thinks it should, but because Chinas own future requires this.So I believe that the new revolution will bring us to a safer world in which all people can benefit from this process,
44、what we call globalization, because right now lots of new wealth is being generated. Much that wealth is at the expense of others. Many groups of people do not have a share in it we have an exciting world, but we have an imperfect world. And it is in this generation, and the people sitting round her
45、e, who will really determine whether we have a sustainable future. I am old. I will not live long enough to see it, but I want my grandchildren to live in a sustainable world. I want young people in China to live in a sustainable world that is why you are doing this programme helping to bring this t
46、o the attention of people throughout China. This is to help to create the awareness, because everyone must join this revolution, or we will all be victims of it.主持人： 每个人的心目当中都会有，像您刚才提到的，这样一个美好的愿望，我想对于我们中国人来说，特别不希望再重走这样一条先污染后治理的老路。那么有没有什么样的方法，能够让我们避免发达国家走过的弯路。Mr. Strong: I would say “make all develop
47、ment people-centered”. Everything done should be tested. Does it really benefit the life of the people or just a few people? It is the real test. I am very encouraged by your leadership saying that thats going to be the main measure of its development. That is one of the most encouraging things I have heard in China for many years, that your economic development will be tested by whether it actually improves the life of the people. Thats the best for development. That is the key to technological development. Those are some of my thoughts.主持人： 我觉得所有的环保理念，只有当它真正落实到实处的时候才
