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1、,主讲：刘军士 speaker:Liu junshi,液压挖掘机,液压挖掘机,液压挖掘机培训教材Hydraulic excavators training materials,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,一 概论 general Introduction1 定义：挖掘机是一种主要用于开挖土石方的施工机械。Definition:An excavator is used in the excavation of earth and construction machinery2 工作过程：它是用铲斗上的斗齿切削土壤并装入斗内，装满土后提升铲斗并回转到卸土地点卸土，然后
2、再使转台回转、铲斗下降到挖掘面，进行下一次挖掘。Working Scoop:It uses the tooth of the bucket to cut soil and packed inside the bucket.Fill the bucket with soil and upgrade back to the point of dumping,and then rotate the platform,drop the bucket to the tap surface,then the next excavation.3 用途：挖掘机在建筑、筑路、水利、电力、采矿、石油、天然气管道铺
3、设和军事工程中被广泛地使用。Excavators uses:in building roads,water,power,mining,oil and gas pipeline laying project has been the widespread use of the military.,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,4 主要作业对象：挖掘机主要用于筑路工程中的路基开挖，建筑工程中开挖基础，水利工程中开挖沟渠、运河和疏浚河道，在采石场、露天开采等工程中剥离和矿石的挖掘等。据统计，工程施工中约60的土石方量是靠挖掘机完成的。Main operating targ
4、et for major highway projects:the excavator used in subgrade excavation,construction excavation foundation Excavation of water ditches,canals and river dredging,quarries,opencast mining projects such as stripping and ore mining.According to statistics,about 60%of earthwork construction is completed
5、by the excavator5 其它用途：挖掘机更换工作装置后还可进行浇筑、起重、安装、打桩、夯土和拔桩等作业。Other uses:replacement of the devices also catch excavators,cranes,the installation of the pile,Ramming and the Diocesan piling operations.,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,6 工作条件 Working conditions6.1 液压挖掘机正常工作环境温度为-2055。Hydraulic excavators nor
6、mal working temperature:-20 C 55 C6.2 液压挖掘机应能在级土壤中正常作业，对冻土层和岩石，需松裂和爆破后方可施工，且须使用岩石型铲斗进行作业；岩石型铲斗斗齿须满足JG/T 90-1999 的要求.soil hydraulic excavator should be able to work normally,and the rock layer of permafrost,and the need to split the song blasting before construction.Rock requires the use of bucket fo
7、r operations;Rock Bucket Tooth JG/T 90-1999 must meet the requirements,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,6.3 轮胎式挖掘机在岩石工况作业时，对轮胎进行必要的保护。Tire excavator is operated in rock condition,the tires should have necessary protection.6.4 海拔3000 m能正常工作。altitude of 3,000 m work normally6.5 能在沙漠、盐碱地区工作。Work normally i
8、n the desert,saline district6.6 适于各种湿度地区工作，最大相对湿度要满足100。In humidity areas,they are also suitable for all kinds of work,to meet 100%relative humidity.,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,二 挖掘机的发展史The history of the excavatorsdevelopment,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,2.1 国外挖掘机的发展史
9、1）1837年第一台挖掘机在美国诞生-以蒸汽作动力的动力铲2）1900年第一台以柴油机作动力的挖掘机问世3）1954年第一台全液压挖掘机在德国出现4）1961年日本从欧美引进了液压挖掘机技术5）1985年第一台全电脑控制的液压挖掘机在日本出现Excavator foreign history of the development:1837 the first excavator in the United States was born-to steam-driven power shovel in 1900 the first diesel engine to power for the e
10、xcavator madeIn 1954 first hydraulic excavator in German In 1961 Japan introduced a hydraulic excavator technical from Europe and the United States In 1985 the first of all computer-controlled hydraulic excavators was come into being in Japan,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,2.2 国内挖掘机的发展史1）1954年生产出第一台机械
11、式挖掘机2）1960年开始研制液压挖掘机3）1970年以后测绘国外样机仿制全液压挖掘机取得成功4）1982年起挖掘机行业第一次全面引进德国公司的液压挖掘机技术及配套件技术The history of the development of domestic excavator in 1954 produced the first mechanical digger in 1960 began developing hydraulic excavator in 1970 after mapping foreign prototype hydraulic excavator successful i
12、mitation since 1982 Excavator the first German company to import the technology and accessories hydraulic excavator technology,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,5）1990年机械工业部组织引进日本小松液压挖掘机技术6）1990年玉柴研制成功了机重1.3吨的微型挖掘机7）1993年国外二手机开始在中国内地大量销售使用8）1995年-1998年国外10家著名公司开始在中国建合资与独资企业9）1998年上海建筑机械厂破产被上海彭浦机械厂兼并5)199
13、0 Machinery Industry Ministry and Japan Komatsu hydraulic excavator technology 6)1990 Yuchai success Machinery 1.3 tons of mini excavators 7)1993 foreign two cell phones in mainland China selling large quantities of used 8)1995-1998,10 foreign well-known companies in China,joint ventures and wholly-
14、owned enterprises 9)in 1998 Shanghai Construction Machinery Works bankruptcy Shanghai Effectiveness Evaluation on the Pengpu Machinery Plant merger,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,三 挖掘机的分类Excavators classification,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,3.1 按机重分类可分成：Classification by heavy machine can be divided
15、into:微型（小型）micro(small)G 6t 中小型 mid and micro 6 tG 16t 中型 Medium 16 tG 40t 大型 Large 40 tG 100t 特大型 vast Large G 100t,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,国内外普遍使用原则是：Home and abroad commonly used are 40t以上的大型机以正铲为主，单用途：挖掘the excavators more than 40t mainly by front shovel,single purpose:excavating 6t以下的小（微）型
16、机以履带（全部）反铲为 主，多用途 the excavators below 6t mainly crawler and backhoe,multi-purposes.10t-22 t之间的挖掘机轮式与履式混用，以履式占绝大多数，挖掘为主兼 顾多用途.10-22ts excavators have wheeled and crawler ones,mainly are crawlers,which have multi-purposes.22 t以上的挖掘机全部为履带式挖掘机 all of the above 22t excavators are crawler excavators,SANY
17、 GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,3.2 按传动方式分类：by means of driving can be classified 液压传动挖掘机和机械传动挖掘机 hydraulic and mechanical transmission excavators 3.3 按作业方式分类：classification by excavator operations 单斗与多斗挖掘机 single and multi-buckets excavators 3.4 按行走方式分类：Classification by running mode 履带式与轮胎式挖掘机（还有步履式、拖式、轨
18、道式等）crawler and wheeled excavators(and walker,towed.Rail),SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,3.5 按动力方式分类：Dynamic classification by the way 内燃驱动（柴油机）与电力驱动挖掘机Diesel Driving(Diesel)and power-driven excavators3.6 按使用条件方式分类：Under conditions of use methods to classification 专用型挖掘机（常说的矿山型）与通用型挖掘机（建筑型）Special typ
19、e excavator(often say that the mine type)and Universal Excavator(BC-)本文主要讲：单斗履带式液压挖掘机 This article stresses:Single Bucket tracked hydraulic excavator,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,3.7 液压挖掘机的特点与机械式挖掘机相比Hydraulic excavator features-as compared with mechanical digger 比重量小（每1斗容量与整机机重之比）：重量可减轻一半the weight
20、 is small(each one fighting capacity and the engine aircraft weight ratio):reduce the weight to half 挖掘力大(the strength of excavating)：1.5:1 生产率高(Productivity)：2.2倍以上 机动性和越野性能好 Good mobility and cross ability 工作平稳、安全可靠 Working stable,safe and reliable 结构紧凑、美观大方 Compact,attractive and unaffected,SANY
21、GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,四 液压挖掘机总体结构Overall structure of hydraulic excavators,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,液压挖掘机的总体结构包括动力装置、工作装置、回转机构、操纵机构、传动系统、行走机构和辅助设备等，如图1-1所示。The overall structure of the power hydraulic excavator,working equipment,rotary,manipulation,transmission,walking and auxiliary equipment,
22、as shown in Figure 1-1.常用的全回转式液压挖掘机的动力装置、传动系统的主要部分、回转机构、辅助设备和驾驶室等都安装在可回转的平台上，通常称为上部转台。因此又可将单斗液压挖掘机概括成工作装置、上部转台和行走机构等三部分。Rotary hydraulic excavators used in the power plant,the main transmission system,Rotary,and auxiliary equipment installed in the control room,so rotatable platform,commonly known a
23、s the upper table.So it will be summarized into a single bucket of hydraulic excavator working device,the turntable and the upper part of the three agencies running.,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,图1-11配重 2发动机罩 3油水散热器总成 4发动机 5空滤 6蓄电池 7座椅 8液压油箱 9先导手柄 10燃油箱 11驾驶室 12回转支承 13工具
24、箱 14中央回转接头15动臂油缸 16动臂 17斗杆油缸 18斗杆 19铲斗油缸 20摇杆 21连杆 22铲斗 23履带 24导向轮25张紧机构26支重轮 27托轮 28行走机构 29主泵 30回转机构 31回油滤清器 32主阀Map 1-1 1 weight 2 engine hood 3 oil-water radiators.Machines 4 Engine Air Filter 6 Battery 7 Seat 8 Hydraulic Tank 9 precursor of the handle 10 fuel tank 11 Cab 12 rotary supporting 13
25、toolbox 14 central swivel joints 15 Boom fuel tank 16 Boom 17 struggle rod fuel tank 18 bucket rods 19 bucket fuel tank 20 rocker 21 connecting rod 22 Bucket 23 tracked 24 guidance round 25 Tensioner 26 supporting wheels 27 child round of 28 running institutions 29 main pump 30 rotary bodies 31 back
26、 to the oil filter 32 main valves,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,动力系统Dynamic System,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,5.1 动力系统的基本知识挖掘机动力系统的核心是柴油发动机。其功用是将供给的燃油燃烧并将热能转变为机械能，并通过液压传动系统使挖掘机行走和工作。柴油机的动力输出就是液压泵的动力输入。动力系统包括发动机及附件、燃油箱、水箱等。Excavator basic knowledge of dynamical systems is the core of diesel engine p
27、ower system.Its purpose is to supply thermal energy to mechanical energy will fuel combustion.Excavators and make walking and working through the hydraulic system.Engine power output is the input pump power.Annex including engines and power systems,fuel containers,water tanks,etc.,SANY GROUP WWW.SAN
28、YGROUP.COM,挖掘机动力装置由下列系统组成：冷却系统、进气系统、排气系统、燃油系统、润滑系统、电器系统、减震和传动系统Excavator power plant consists of the following components:cooling system,intake system,exhaust system,fuel system,the lubrication system,the electrical system,damping and transmission system,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,SANY GROUP WWW.S
29、ANYGROUP.COM,5.2 发动机编号 Engine No.6BTA5.9-C#-SY220C6 6个汽缸；six cylinderB 发动机系列 series of engine T 涡轮增压器 TurbochargerA 后级冷却（增压后中冷）After cooling(cold Turbocharged5.9 51513.141206排量升51 51 314 120 6 displacement C 改进次数 improved frequency#马力horsepower,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,5.3 SY310挖掘机用柴油机介绍 SY310 e
30、xcavators diesel采用康明斯QSB5.9-240 型柴油机,其可靠性、动力性、燃油经济性和低排放性等指标在国际上都具有领先水平。Cummins Engine QSB5.9-240 use,reliability,power,Fuel economy and low emissions and so is a leading indicator of the level in the international arena.柴油机主要技术参数：Diesel main technical parameters:型式：六缸直列、水冷、直喷、涡轮增压、中冷、电控Type:Inline s
31、ix-cylinder,water-cooled,direct injection,turbocharger,cold,electric control气缸直径(Cylinder diameter)(mm)活塞行程(Piston stroke)(mm)：102120额定功率(Rated Power)(kW)/转速(rpm)：182/2000最大扭矩Maximum torque(Nm)/转速(rpm)：990/1500最低燃油消耗量Minimum fuel consumption(g/kWh)：210,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,5.4 动力传输路线表power t
32、ransmission line行走动力传输路线：柴油机联轴节液压泵（机械能转化为液压能）分配阀中央回转接头行走马达（液压能转化为机械能）减速箱驱动轮轨链履带实现行走Power transmission line running:Diesel-coupling-hydraulic pump(mechanical energy into hydraulic energy)-valve-central swivel joints-running motors(hydraulic transformed into mechanical energy)-Gearbox-wheel-track craw
33、ler chain-operate to achieve,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,回转运动传输路线：柴油机联轴节液压泵（机械能转化为液压能）分配阀回转马达（液压能转化为机械能）减速箱回转支承实现回转Rotary movement routes:Diesel-coupling-hydraulic pump(mechanical energy into hydraulic energy)-valve-rotary motors(hydraulic transformed into mechanical energy)-Reducer-Slew Ring-achie
34、ving Rotary.动臂运动传输路线：柴油机联轴节液压泵（机械能转化为液压能）分配阀动臂油缸（液压能转化为机械能）实现动臂运动Boom campaign routes:Diesel-coupling-hydraulic pump(mechanical energy into hydraulic energy)-valve-Boom tank(hydraulic transformed into mechanical energy)-arm movements to achieve,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,斗杆运动传输路线：柴油机联轴节液压泵（机械能转化为液
35、压能）分配阀斗杆油缸（液压能转化为机械能）实现斗杆运动Stick campaign routes:Diesel-coupling-hydraulic pump(mechanical energy into hydraulic energy)-valve-Stick tank(hydraulic transformed into mechanical energy)-achieving struggle bar铲斗运动传输路线：柴油机联轴节液压泵（机械能转化为液压能）分配阀铲斗油缸（液压能转化为机械能）实现铲斗运动Bucket campaign routes:Diesel-coupling-hy
36、draulic pump(mechanical energy into hydraulic energy)-valve-tank Bucket(hydraulic transformed into mechanical energy)-bucket campaign to achieve,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,5.5 动力传输原理图Power transmission diagram,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,六 液压挖掘机的结构The structure of hydraulic excavators 液压挖掘机的结构件主要
37、有底盘、回转支承、中央回转接头、转台、工作装置、配重、覆盖件、司机室、空调等。The structure is the major hydraulic excavator chassis,rotor support,the central swivel joints,turntable,the device weight,the panel,cab,air-conditioners,and so on.,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,6.1 底盘 底盘即行走装置,包括履带架和行走机构,主要由履带架、行走马达+减速机及其管路、驱动轮、导向轮、托链轮、支重轮、履带、张紧
38、缓冲装置组成，见下图。其功能为支承挖掘机的重量，并把驱动轮传递的动力转变为牵引力，实现整机的行走。行走马达+减速机=行走机构 下车：底盘+回转支承+中央回转接头Chassis is running devices,including planes and running track,tracked by planes,and operating a motor-reducer pipe.Sprockets orientation launches child sprocket,supporting wheels,tracks,tension device composed of the fig
39、ure below.Its function is to support the weight of excavators,and wheel traction transfer of power to achieve a piece of the running.Motor running+Reducer=running system.Alight:chassis+Slew Ring+Central swivel joints,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,底盘chassis,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,SANY GROUP WWW.
40、SANYGROUP.COM,支重轮 托链轮 导向轮Supporting round.Asked sprocket.Steering round.,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,行走马达 驱动轮 张紧缓冲装置Running motors,driving wheel.Tension device,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,履带架 Crawler Frame 履带架（即车架总成）为整体焊接件,采用X 形结构，其主要优点是具有高的承载能力.车架总成由左纵梁（即左履带架）、主车架（即中间架）、右纵梁（即右履带架）三部分焊接而成。Tracked
41、F(chassis assembly)welding pieces as a whole,the X-shaped structure.Its main advantages are high bearing capacity.Frame assembly from the left beam(left tracked F)Main Frame(intermediate F),right beam(right track F)three parts together through welding.,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,SANY GROUP WWW.SAN
42、YGROUP.COM,中央回转接头Central swivel joints中央回转接头是联接回转平台与底盘油路的液压元件，它保证回转平台旋转任意角度后，还能正常给行走马达供油。Central swivel joints are connected to the central Circuit hydraulic rotary platform and chassis components,which guarantees rotary platform arbitrary rotation angle,normal oil supply to the motor still running.
43、Central swivel joints,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,6.2 平台 Platform 平台是上车部分主要承载结构件，分主平台和左右平台三部分。见下图。Platform.The platform on the train carrying some of the major pieces of structure,principal platform and platform around three parts.See illustration below.,SANY GROUP WWW.
44、SANYGROUP.COM,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,6.3 工作装置Working Devices 工作装置是液压挖掘机的主要组成部分，目前SY系列挖掘机配置的是反铲工作装置，它主要用于挖掘停机面以下的土壤，但也可以挖掘最大切削高度以下的土壤，反铲工作装置由动臂、斗杆、铲斗、摇杆、连杆及包含动臂油缸、斗杆油缸、铲斗油缸在内的工作装置液压管路等主要部分组成。Working devices is a key component of hydraulic excavators.SY series is cur
45、rently configured backhoe excavator working device,it stands primarily for excavation below the soil surface.it is also the largest excavation of soil below the cutting height.Work by backhoe arm that will ban bucket,rocker,Boom linkage and includes tanks,fighting bar tank,the tank bucket of hydraul
46、ic pipe installation work and other major components.,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,连杆机构Linkage,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,提升负载,提升负载,提升负载,动 臂Boom,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,铲斗Bucket,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,6.4 配重Weight,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,6.5 驾驶室与空调驾驶室为流
47、线形钢结构，前窗挡风玻璃可滑动，天窗可开启，配置雨刮器、清洗器、收放机、空调、座椅及操纵件、先导开关4处出风口（除霜、吹脚、吹脸左、吹脸右）Cab and air-conditioning.Cab to streamline di e steel.Windscreen before sliding windows,skylights can be opened.Wiper allocation,581,Radio and Tape Player,air conditioning.benches and manipulate documents,the pilot switches.four o
48、ut of drafts(defrosting.Winds feet of the left face blowing and blowing face right),SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,空调系统Air-conditioning systems,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,空调系统的组成1 压缩机总成2 冷凝器总成3 贮液干燥器总成4 蒸发器总成5 管路系统6 电器系统 Air conditioning system:1 compressor assembly.2 condenser assembly.Reliability
49、three dry storage solution.4 HVAC.5 pipeline system.6 electrical system,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,七 挖掘机的液压系统 Excavators Hydraulic System,SANY GROUP WWW.SANYGROUP.COM,.液压系统概述 Hydraulic system.液压元件组成：动力元件、控制元件、执行元件、辅件动力元件：主泵控制元件：主控制阀组执行元件：回转马达、行走马达、动臂油缸、斗杆油缸、铲斗油缸。辅件：油箱、油冷却器、蓄能器、电磁阀、比例阀、先导滤清器、中央回转接头
50、、液压管接件等。Hydraulic components:dynamic components and control components,the implementation of components,accessories dynamic components:main pump.Control components:the main control valve block.:rotary actuator motors running motors,Boom tank Stick tank bucket tank.Documentation:auxiliary fuel tanks,
