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1、自主性学习方式的初探让学生也当老师作者：黄在德 冯海英 栏目：教育探讨 添加时间：2008-11-26 16:24:51摘要：在教学过程中，教师应充分相信学生，给学生以机会；让学生当老师，学生就会积极参与，就能体验到做学习主人的快乐。 关键词：主动；体验；责任感 中图分类号：C42 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1009-9166（2008）33（c）-0000-01 基础教育课程改革纲要在阐述教学过程时强调：“教师在教学过程中应注意培养学生的独立性和自主性，引导学生质疑、调查、探究，在实践中学习，促进学生主动地、富有个性地学习。”学生怎样主动地、富有个性地学习？那就是要我们尊重学生个体的独特性和
2、差异性，满足学生对学习方式选择的权利。根据新课程的理念，就是要引导学生进行体验性学习，进行自主、合作、探究性学习。在教学过程中，教师应充分相信学生，给学生以机会；让学生当老师，学生就会积极参与，就能体验到做学习主人的快乐。但这只是课堂教学的一部分，一种形式，不能是全部，也不能完全取代教师的释疑与点拨，在教学中，要不断探索，调整课堂教学。课堂教学不是教师教学行为模式化的场所，“为学习而设计”，“为学生发展而教”，使我们的课堂教学变得更加生气勃勃，充满智慧的欢乐与创造的快意。 一、学生教师化的必要性分析。传统的教学模式存在很大弊端，不利于学生学习，影响国民素质的提高长期以来，我们的许多课堂教学比较
3、沉闷，缺乏生气，基本上是灌输接受，学生学习方式基本上是听讲背诵练习再现教师传授的知识。学生完全处于一种被动接受的状态，教师注重的是如何把知识、结论准确地给学生讲清楚，学生只要全神贯注地听，把教师讲的记下来，考试时准确无误地答在卷纸上，就算完成了学习任务。难以唤起学生的学习热情和智慧活动的积极性，更不用说激发创意和不断探索的精神了。这种课程，往往将学生作为一个知识的容器，忽视学生的主观能动性；过分强调知识体系本身的逻辑性和结论的唯一性；知识内容比较陈旧，脱离学生与社会的现实的需要，影响了我国全民素质的提高。目前的形势和状况要求教师必须改变。教师要在教育观念、教育方式、教学行为上改变，特别是要改变
4、教学方法。在教学过程中要通过讨论、研究、实验等多种教学组织形式，引导学生积极主动地学习，使学习成为在教师引导下主动地、富有个性的过程。要求教师保持开放的心态，把学校视为自己学习的场所，在实践中学习，不断对自己的教育教学进行研究、反思，对自己的知识与经验进行重整，才能不断适应新的变革。教师不要求学生接受教师的权威，相反，教师要求学生延缓对那一权威的不信任，与教师共同参与探究，探究那些学生所正体验的一切。讲课前，事先让学生们做预习，是普遍性的，没有特殊的指定。上课时，要求大家自愿，谁准备好，谁就先来讲，大致每名学生给7-8分钟左右。榜样的力量是无穷的，只要有了第一个学生敢走上来了，那么就“一发不可
5、收拾”，学生们纷纷争先恐后的展示自己的才华。那种积极的参与，那种一丝不苟的探究，也极大的促动我的教学研究。新的学习方式势在必行。在知识爆炸的时代，掌握知识的多少已不是最重要的，而如何掌握知识才至关重要，这个道理已被越来越多的人接受。学生是学习的主体，提倡学生参与确定学习目标、学习进度和评价目标，在学习中积极思考，在解决问题中学习。 二、学生教师化的精彩之处分析。（一）讲课有板有眼，责任感都很高。让学生做教师，学生仿佛觉得自己就是一名教师，必须为人师表，率先垂范，能够养成为人处世的责任感。起初，学生们模仿性很强，处处在模仿教师，一举一动，就连讲课的神态都有点像教师。但教师应该鼓励学生讲出自己的风
6、格，教会他们备课。只有这样，当“老师”的学生们，他们才能认真准备，才能把重要知识点勾画出来，做好知识脉络提纲；才能在讲解过程中，注重知识性，条理性；才能站在前面，落落大方，声音响亮，才能做到知识概括性强，条理清晰，才能俨然是一位有多年教学经验的“老师”；才能养成善于表达的习惯；才能在较熟练掌握讲课内容的基础上，善于提出启发性问题，引导同学们思考、讨论，课堂氛围很热烈；才能让学生们感兴趣。（二）合作探究的氛围更浓厚。课堂教学是素质教育的主渠道，要发挥与体现学生的主体作用，最主要的是让学生主动参与。学生当“老师”，站在讲桌前讲授知识、答疑，一是要靠他自己主动探究学习，二是要靠其他同学的积极配合，例
7、如回答问题，研究讨论问题等。自己的同学是“老师”，那种学习的感觉是不一样的，是一种自豪，也是一种挑战。随之课堂气氛也就不一样，学生们的合作探究意识越来越浓厚，求知的欲望也越来越强烈。每当每位“小老师”讲完这节课的内容后，都必须回答同学们的5个问题。问题的提出与回答过程中，不仅能反映出学生们动脑筋了，而且还能反映出学生们发自内心的真真切切的求知欲。如果一旦“小老师”回答得不全面，会有很多的“高参”来帮忙，也有不少的“反对派”来否决的，经过一番短短的较量之后，同学们找到了认为满意的答案。学习的意义，不在于结论，而在于学习的过程，在过程中，同学们体验到获得知识的乐趣。（三）有利于培养学生多方面的能力
8、。通过讲课，给学生提供了较多的当众表达机会。由于是讲课，学生不仅要大胆地说话，还要清楚、简洁、有层次，让人听懂。这种登台表演极易形成良好的竞争意识，表达能力得到极好训练；学生在课堂上“讲课”，不仅要有说的能力，更要有内涵，经过积极预习准备和老师的指导可完全记往书本上的知识，提高记忆能力；因为有“努力把课讲好”的内动力，极易形成较强的思维积极性，在对不同内容“讲解过程中，使多种思维方法得到训练；实践证明，学生通过“讲课”能有效地激发学生的学习兴趣，他们从起初只会阅读、记忆，逐渐做到“备课”能抓住要点，摘录笔记，进而分析归纳，学会查阅资料，甚至可以使用仪器实验等作为学习手段，慢慢形成自己的学习方法
9、和良好的学习心理，提高自学能力。 Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radi
10、o and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes o
11、n in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd h
12、ear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from
13、the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a ver
14、tical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.待添加的隐藏文字内容3The guy who is going to do this, Felix Bau
15、mgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no
16、 thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his he
17、ad low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation
18、or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising al
19、titude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix wil
20、l unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance,
21、it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow
22、 as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot
23、 (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as pl
24、anned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
