《毕业论文（设计）幼儿健康行为培养初探.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《毕业论文（设计）幼儿健康行为培养初探.doc（4页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、幼儿健康行为培养初探刘珍艳幼儿健康行为的养成被视为幼儿健康教育的核心目标，探讨幼儿健康行为的建立、改变和巩固的规律是幼儿健康教育研究的重点。幼儿知识经验较少，对自己的身体缺乏认识，独立生活能力、自我保护能力都比较差，若我们能根据幼儿的特点进行有的放矢的教育，则有利于幼儿形成健康的行为模式、养成健康的生活方式和习惯。一、通过感知讨论有关健康的知识，提高幼儿对健康的认知水平提高幼儿对健康的认识水平不仅有利于他们形成对健康的积极态度，也有利于培养他们的健康行为。在我们的生活中有许多与幼儿健康教育相关的信息，教师要树立生活即课程的观念，在日常生活中注意观察，善于运用周围环境中各种有教育意义、有价值的信
2、息，通过有意识的引导，将与健康有关的信息纳入幼儿感知、关注的范围，在幼儿感知后鼓励幼儿运用自己已有的经验讨论、交流，并在这一过程中丰富自己的认知，提高对健康的认知水平。如：在午餐后引导幼儿照镜子发现口腔中的食物残渣，通过观察讨论，了解漱口的意义。二、通过实际操作练习，帮助幼儿获得健康的行为方式幼儿通过感知讨论知道了为什么做、应怎样做，还要通过实际操作练习才能获得相应的行为方式。教师要在生活中为幼儿创设和提供练习的机会，使幼儿在活动中反复练习，在愉快的体验中形成良好的习惯。从幼儿的身心发展特点来看，幼儿的操作练习不应是机械的、枯燥的，而应是有趣的、游戏化的。幼儿是活动的主体，在主动活动的过程中，
3、发挥他们的主动性、积极性，将幼儿的兴趣与正确的规则相结合，才能有助于他们树立正确的健康观念，提高对健康的认识，形成正确的健康态度，进而转化为自觉的健康行为。在这一阶段，我们要注重幼儿主动的活动和他们对过程的体验，促使幼儿将知识经验同化到他们的认识结构中去，掌握健康的行为方式，并且在克服困难的同时产生新的认知动力。如当幼儿了解了简单的预防感冒的知识后，教师可以组织开展“小医生”的游戏，提供自制的针筒、药瓶等，让幼儿将自己生病的体验通过游戏反映出来，懂得要经常锻炼身体，天气变化要增减衣服，感冒了要按时吃药，多喝开水，注意休息等。操作练习的方法也有很多，如利用显微镜帮助幼儿做简单的实验，比较洗手与不
4、洗手的区别，从而鼓励幼儿认真洗手，养成良好的卫生习惯等。三、通过有效的强化方式，巩固幼儿的健康行为巩固和强化良好的健康行为是培养幼儿健康行为的关键环节。幼儿通过感知和练习可以掌握一定的健康知识，提高对健康的认识，并产生一些与教育要求相符的健康行为，然而由于幼儿的年龄特点，他们的这些行为和认识是不稳定的，所以我们对于良好的健康行为应该及时给予肯定，加以强化，否则这些良好的行为就难以得到巩固。如：在幼儿初学漱口时，能根据要求认真进行，而在一段时间后漱口就流于形式；体育活动的一些规则在起初建立时幼儿能认真执行，渐渐地就会淡忘，所以，有必要为幼儿提供和创设更多的机会，让他们在反复练习中巩固良好的习惯。
5、强化、巩固的方式是多种多样的，教师可以通过语言包括表扬、鼓励、赞赏或微笑等，进行精神的强化。如给予认真漱口的幼儿以赞许，为大家树立榜样；也可以用物品和标记进行物质强化，如以记录表的方式评选健康娃娃，用好孩子标记强化幼儿的健康行为等。在选择强化方式时，应根据幼儿的年龄特征、兴趣爱好、个体差异做出选择。如年龄小的幼儿对物质强化的反应比对精神强化的反应更为强烈，那么教师就应当多选用物质的强化方式，奖励给幼儿喜爱的玩具、红花、五角星等。而大孩子更看重教师的肯定、同伴的赞许，那么就应多选择精神强化。还有一些强化可以用暗示、语言、动作来进行。如将正确的持筷动作画出来，贴在活动室内，以便幼儿随时对照检查。此
6、外，教师还应对各种强化的方式以及幼儿的反应加以观察、评估，以便总结、归纳出能够有效巩固幼儿健康行为的强化方式。总之，健康教育的内容是广泛而丰富的，培养幼儿健康行为的策略是多种多样的，幼儿也是不断成长的，在成长过程中会不断出现新问题，所以，教师要做有心人，多观察，多思考，在不断的探索过程中改进教育策略与教育方法。儿童发展与教育，2006年第78期。Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, coverin
7、g severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstro
8、ng step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dr
9、eams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like
10、the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red
11、Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but abo
12、ve all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicke
13、d up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could s
14、ee the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weathe
15、r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our d
16、ay-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can exp
17、ect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth b
18、ecomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he
19、 is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he h
20、as a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 m
21、ph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25
22、,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
