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1、The Golden Age of Athens!Unit 21,Essential Questions,What was life like in ancient Athens during the Golden Age?What cultural achievements happened during the Golden Age?What contributions to the world did the Greeks make during the Golden Age?When did the Golden Age occur?Why was it called the Gold
2、en Age?,Taking a tour of Athens!,Historians often refer to the Time period between 460 and 429 BCE as the Golden Age!What does this term suggest to you about life in Athens during this time?Scholars use the term,“Golden Age”to refer to a historical period marked by prosperity and by great achievemen
3、ts in the arts,The Parthenon and Acropolis,Athens-most important city-stateBirthplace of democracyGave modern society-art,literature&philosophyLocated on peninsula called Attica4 miles from the seaMild climate allowed farmers to grow cropsLand was NOT fertile-traded for many essential food itemsName
4、d after Athena-Greek goddess of wisdom and military victoryAthens became center of commercial and cultural powerLate 400s BCE-150,000 ppl.,Map of the City,Surrounded by mountains and rocky coastsEnclosed with defensive wallshad a harbor,but discouraged naval invasionStrong defense-Acropolis(oval sha
5、ped rock that rose 300 feet above the cityTemples,statues,and altars located on the AcropolisHighest point is the Parthenon-temple for AthenaTwo other important features-Theater of Dionysus and the Agora,or marketplace located at the base of the AcropolisDensely populated cityNarrow streets and alle
6、ys and they were dirty and crowded,The Agora,Center of Athenian lifeTemples,government buildings,columned buildings called StoasMerchants sellingFood,clothes,animals,pottery,chariots,furniturePublic officials checking quality of goods-bad ones were finedPublic buildings used to debate lined the Agor
7、aRecreation-men visited gymnasium-track,wrestling court,fields for javelin and discusEvenings men socializedHad barber shops-hair cuts and gossip!,Station A:ArchitectureThe Parthenon,Station A:ArchitectureThe Parthenon,You are at the Parthenon,the beautiful temple built in honor of Athena,the Greek
8、Goddess of wisdom and war.The Greeks were among the most talented architects of the ancient world.They built their most famous structure,the Parthenon,during the rule of the statesman Pericles.The temple was built to celebrate the end of the war with Persia.Although only partially intact,it is consi
9、dered the most glorious building of the ancient world-a stunning reminder of Athens cultural achievements.Standing atop of the Acropolis and overlooking the city,it is constructed mostly of marble from a nearby mountain.It is 237 feet long,110 feet wide and 60 feet high.It features 8 columns in the
10、front and back and 17 along each side.The architects and sculptors spent more than 12 million units of Greek currency known as drachmas,over 4 times the annual budget of all of Athens.It has survived for over 2,500 years due to its superior workmanship!The architects designed the Parthenon to allow
11、for optical illusions!The height of each column is 5 times each of its diameter to make them appear more slender.Builders also slanted the roof of the building creating triangular pieces on each end called a pediment.The east pediment shows the birth of Athena.The western pediment shows a contest be
12、tween Athena and Poseidon,God of the Sea.Another distinctive feature is the 525 foot band of sculpture,or frieze,which surrounds the top of the temple.This frieze shows the Panathenaic Procession,an annual Athenian festival which celebrated the birth of AthenaThe Parthenon also contained a 35 foot h
13、igh gold and ivory statue of Athena.They left offerings and worshipped at the foot of the statue to bring the protection of Athena to the city and its people.,Station A:ArchitectureThe Parthenon,Place the puzzle pieces together to create a picture of the Parthenon.Quickly sketch the Parthenon in you
14、r notes and label the columns,pediments,and frieze.Check your answer with the picture to the left and fix any errors!,Pediment,columns,Station B:Commerce&TradeThe Agora,Station B:Commerce&TradeThe Agora,You are at a shop in the Agora,the place where Athenians gather to buy and sell goods.Athenians c
15、onducted most of their commerce at the Agora,the huge marketplace at the base of the Acropolis.On the eastern side,the merchants sold goods from small stands.Citizens could purchase lettuce,onions,cucumbers,sardines,olive oil and wine.They could also buy pottery,furniture like chests,chairs and sofa
16、s and clay oil lamps,which provided the only source of light to Athenian homes.Even though most Athenians made their own clothing,leather sandals and jewelry was also bought at the Agora.Slaves were also bought and sold here as well.The Greeks began using coins in the 600s BCE.Each city-state had it
17、s own coins,though each used metals like gold,silver,bronze and a gold silver mixture called electrum.Initially coins were imprinted on one side only,but Athenians eventually imprinted both sides.Athens had the tetradrachm,which was worth 4 drachmas.It had the image of Athena on one side and Athenas
18、 bird,the owl on the otherThe Athenians traded with other city-states as well as foreign lands to obtain many goods and resources.This was necessary as the Athenian soil was not fertile enough to provide them with enough food for their population.Farmers could only grow olives so the Athenians had t
19、o trade for their essential food items.Egypt was one major Greek trading partner where they obtained valuable grains.Another important trading partner was sicily,where they obtained timber along with Thrace,from the Black Sea coast.In exchange the Greeks would trade their beautifully painted pottery
20、 and wool and olives,Station B:Commerce and Trade,You have 4 tetradrachms decide what youd like to purchase.Write the name of the item,the quantity and how much you have spent on that item.Use up all of your money and various items that you think youd need.List the reason you purchased each item!Lis
21、t other items that are NOT listed on the catalogue that youd like to purchase.Check to see what you missed!,Catalogue of Athenian goodsFood and DrinkFruits:apples,pears,pomegranates,or olives1 drachmaVegetables:lettuce,onions,or carrots 1 drachmaSardines1 drachmaBread 2 drachmasJug of wine 2 drachma
22、sHousehold goodsWooden furniture:chair,chest,sofa12 drachmasClay dishware 7 drachmasOil-filled clay lamps 6 drachmasVase for storing grain,oil,perfume,water,wine5 drachmasPersonal itemsLinen garment4 drachmasLeather sandals5 drachmasJewelry:bracelet,earrings,rings10 drachmasGlass mirror3 drachmasMis
23、cellaneousPapyrus scroll8 drachmasReed pen 2 drachmasToy animal,clay soldiers,dolls4 drachmasLyre8 drachmas,Other items:Slaves,olive oil,grain,timber and wool,Station C:DramaTheatre of Dionysus,Station C:DramaTheater of Dionysus,You are at the Theater of Dionysus.A place where dramatic plays are per
24、formed in Athens.Theater was an important part of Athenian social life.In the 400s and 500s BCE,Athenians developed 2 types of plays that we still have today,comedy and tragedy.The tragic play presented the downfall of a great hero.Extreme arrogance towards the gods usually caused this downfall.The
25、somber lessons of the tragedy was that humans should act with respect towards the gods and that dishonorable behavior had severe consequences.Comedy did not contain a serious message and provided entertainment of the audiences.Comic plays made fun of,or satirized,Athenian politicians and other well-
26、known personalities.Athenian plays were staged in an outdoor marble theater which were built into the sides of hills.Stone rows or tiers of seats were arranged in a semicircle around the stage.Behind the stage,wooden or marble columns were draped with cloth to form a tent where actors changed their
27、costumes and masks and where extra scenery was stored.Sometimes painted scenery was hung in front of the tent to provide a backdrop for a play.During the plays,2 or 3 male actors performed both male and female roles.They were joined by a chorus of 15-24 men who stood on the side of the stage and hel
28、ped to explain the actions.The actors and chorus wore HUGE masks that had exaggerated expressions to indicate the personalities of their characters.The feelings of the characters were shown by colored costumes.Bright colors meant happiness while black meant despair.Many plays were staged here,built
29、in the honor of the God Dionysus.This theater could hold 14,000 people.All classes of society except slaves could attend.Athenian playwrights presented their new plays in competitions held in the spring.A panel of nobles would judge the plays of excellence and quality,Station C:Drama,Examine the pic
30、ture of the Greek theater and think about the following questions:1)Why can the audience hear and see easier?2)Why did they need large masks and colored costumes?3)How is it like modern theaters?4)How is it different?With your partner read the excerpt of the play.Try to be dramatic!Make a drawing of
31、 Hecuba complete with mask,colored costumes,and backgroundsExplain your choicesCheck your answers!,Hecuba should have dark costume,be wearing a mask with sad eyes and a frown.Scenery should have a tent where she was held captive and smoke from the ruins of Troy in the background as well.,Station D:E
32、ducationgymnasium,Station D:Educationgymnasium,You are at a gymnasium,a place where many Athenian children complete part of their education.A proper education was highly valued by the people of Athens.By approximately 600 BCE,the majority of Athenian male citizens were able to read and write.Young c
33、hildren were taught at home until they were 6 or 7,when they began school.Both boys and girls attended school,but they had separate schools.Schools for girls were not as numerous and the work was not as demanding.Since schools were private,parents were required to pay for the education their childre
34、n received.For this reason,many children from poor families left school after they learned basic skills,which usually took 3-4 years.Children from wealthy families continued their education for as long as 10 years.Athenian children attended 3 different types of schools.At one school,teachers called
35、grammatistes taught reading,writing,arithmetic and literature.Students memorized long passages from the epic poems of Homer,and from tragic plays.At a second type of school,coaches called paidotribes taught sports such as wrestling and gymnastics to strengthen the students muscles.At a third type of
36、 school,kitharistes taught music-specifically singing and playing the 7-stringed lyre to accompany reading of poetry.At the age of 18,Athenian males began 2 years of military training.After this service,a wealthy young male might resume his education by studying with a traveling philosopher called s
37、ophists.These tutors charged high fees and the gave lessons in debate and public speaking to young men eager to enter politics.,Station D:Education,Copy the Greek word from the hand out into the triangle in your notesRead the poem several times and then recite to your partner from memory.Have them c
38、heck for accuracy!Go into the hallway and do a standing two foot jump.Keep both feet together.Record your initials onto the tape to record your distanceDraw 3 visuals and write a caption for each to represent the three types of Athenian teachers.Use the three points of the triangleCheck your answers
39、,Paidotribes,taught wrestling and gymnastics to strengthen muscles,grammatistes,taught reading,writing and arithmetic.,kitharistes,taught singing and playing of a lyre,Station E:LawPnyx,This is the speakers platform the Pynx with the Acroplis and Parthenon in the background.,The Pnyx:Site of the Ath
40、enian Assembly,Station E:LawPynx,You are at the Pnyx(nix)a hillside west of the Acropolis where the Athenian assembly meets to vote and make legal decisions.The Greeks had a well-established legal system.In the days before the Greeks invented their alphabet,the handed down their laws by oral traditi
41、ons.This meant that officials and their assistants had to memorize entire legal codes.However by 600 BCE writing had spread throughout Greece and laws were written down for easy reference.Law codes covered both civil and criminal cases.Civil cases between citizens could involve disputes about inheri
42、tances and land boundaries while criminal cases might involve charges of murder or theft.Legal codes were different in each of the Greek city-states.The main lawmaking body of the Athenian democracy was the Citizens Assembly,which was open to all male citizens.A smaller executive body,the Council of
43、 500 was responsible for proposing the laws and for voting on important political issues.Many people considered politics so important that they walked as far as 20 miles to participate in debates.In Athens,there were no lawyers.Any male citizen could bring criminal or civil charges against another c
44、itizen.Each citizen argued his own case but he could ask for help from a friend who had better speaking skills.Large juries-numbering anywhere from 201-2501 members heard the cases.Jury members were chosen by lottery and were paid for their services.The jury used small tokens to cast their innocent
45、or guilty verdicts.Since there were no judges in the Athenian courtroom,the jury was responsible for interpreting thee laws and deciding on a verdict.Athens did not have prisons,so other punishments were enforced.The punishment for civil cases included fines and confiscation of property.In serious c
46、riminal cases,a guilty person could be exiled(sent away from the city)or sentenced to DEATH.,Station E:Law&the trial of Socrates,Read the handout section,“Socrates,a Gifted Teacher.”Read the section,“The Case Against Socrates.”Consider the following question:Do you think that Socrates is guilty of t
47、he three crimes which he is charged?Vote by using one of the tokens for guilty or one for innocent.Check to see how the people of Athens voted and then write a response in your journals as to why THEY voted the way they did in the case vs.Socrates!,The Athenian officials were afraid that Socrates co
48、ntroversial ideas posed a threat to democracy.They believed that he was influencing his students to rebel against the Athenian government.To insure that his views did not spread throughout Athens,they sentenced him to DEATH!,Station F:PotteryCeramicus,Station F:PotteryCeramicus,You are at a pottery
49、workshop at Ceramicus,an industrial area in which Athenian artisans used advanced techniques to produce beautiful pottery.Because of its beauty and usefulness,Greek pottery was valued throughout the Mediterranean.Greek artists created ceramic vessels such as storage jars,drinking cups,mixing bowls a
50、nd plates for both functional and decorative purposes.Potters made these vessels by shaping wet clay on a potters wheel and baking it ovens called kilns at about 1000 degrees Fahrenheit.The heat hardened the pots and set the painted designs permanently into the clay.The history of pottery in ancient
