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1、浅析地暖供热系统设计中英文对照Analysis of floor heating system design in Chinese and English.能源问题和环境问题是我国建设和谐社会的必须要面对的两大难题。为此我们对建筑节能的技术的研究，不仅可以促进能源资源节约和合理利用，缓解我国能源供应与经济社会发展的矛盾，而且对于加快发展循环经济，实现经济社会的可持续发展，起着举足轻重的作用。因此，我们越来越多的采用舒适、节能和运行成本较低的地暖供热系统，克服了诸如耗能大、舒适性差、难于分户计算、占用房间使用面积等问题。一、地暖的特点The problem of energy and envir
2、onment are two major problems in Chinas construction of a harmonious society must face. We therefore on building energy conservation technology research, not only can promote energy conservation and reasonable utilization of resources, ease the contradiction between energy supply and the development
3、 of economic society in China, but also for accelerating the development of recycling economy, achieve sustainable economic and social development, play a decisive role. Therefore, floor heating system and comfortable, energy-saving and low operation cost by us more and more, such as the energy to o
4、vercome the large, poor comfort, difficult to calculate household, occupation of the using area of the room etc. One, warm（1）舒适度高、卫生保健。辐射散热是最舒适的采暖方式，室内地表温度均匀，室温由下而上逐步递减，不易造成污浊空气对流，室内十分干净。地暖的波长在8m 13m之间， 其给人以晒太阳时的自然的暖烘烘的感觉，而其温度即使人体直接接触也不至于烫伤。(1) high degree of comfort, health care. Radiation is the m
5、ost comfortable way of heating, indoor surface temperature even at room temperature, the bottom-up gradually decreasing, not easy to cause the foul air convection, interior is very clean. To warm the wavelength between 8 m 13 m, which gives people the warm sun in the natural feeling, and even if the
6、 temperature of direct contact with the human body will not bur（2）高效节能、环保安全。系统低温（3550） 运行，可利用余热水，热效率约80%100%，热量集中在人体收益高度内，传送过程热损失小，各房间温度可以独立调节，有条件的可选用室温和水温自动控制装置。(2) high efficiency and energy saving, environmental protection and safety. System of the low temperature (35 50 ) operation, can use the
7、remaining hot water, thermal efficiency is about 80% 100%, the heat is concentrated in the body gains height, transfer process of heat loss is small, the room temperature can be adjusted independently, can choose the room temperature and water temperature automatic control device has the condition.（
8、3）热稳定性好。由于地面层及混凝土层蓄热量大，热稳定性好，因此在间歇供暖的条件下，室内温度变化缓慢。 (3) and good thermal stability. Because the ground layer and the concrete layer with heat, good thermal stability, therefore in the intermittent heating condition, the indoor temperature change slowly. （4）维护费用低、低能耗。只需定期检查过滤器，是较经济的供暖设备。(4) and low ma
9、intenance cost, low energy consumption. Only need to periodically check the filter, it is the economy heating equipment.（5）使用寿命长。使用寿命基本与建筑物同步，管路3050年，热水炉510年。(5) the use of long life. The use of life basically synchronized with the building, line 30 50 years, water heater of 5 10 years.（6）不占用室内使用面积、
10、保温隔音。室内取消了暖气片及其支管，增加了使用面积，便于装修和家居布置，由于地暖特殊的地面构造，上下层不采暖时，中间层的采暖效果几乎不受影响，且可以大大减少上层对下层的噪音干扰。(6) the use of indoor space is not occupied, insulation. Indoor cancelled the radiator and pipes, increases the use area, convenient decoration and home furnishing layout, because the ground floor heating specia
11、l structure, the upper and lower not heating, the middle layer of the heating effect is almost not affected, and can greatly reduce the noise interference on the lower layer.二、地暖系统设计Two, floor heating system design尽管地暖方式节能、环保，但由于地暖的规范相对于工程实践存在滞后，因此，现就地暖工程的设计过程中的细节问题进行初步探讨。Despite the warm energy, en
12、vironmental protection, but because the heating specification relative to the engineering practice of lag, therefore, the details of design process in heating engineering is discussed.（一）热负荷计算(a) the heat load calculation地面辐射采暖系统的设计过程中，首先要做好的就是热负荷计算。根据相关规范指出，面层热阻的大小，直接影响到地面的散热量。实测证明，在相同供热条件和地板构造的情况下
13、，在同一个房间里，以热阻为0.02m2K/W左右的花岗岩、大理石、陶瓷砖等作面层的地面散热量，比以热阻为0.10m2K/W左右的木地板要高30%60%；比0.15m2K/w左右的地毯时要高6090%。由此可见，面层材料对地面散热量的巨大影响。然而，许多设计为了简单省事对建筑热负荷只根据经验进行估算，这往往是把建筑热负荷估算过高从而形成能量的浪费，严重地违反了建筑节能的设计要求。对于热负荷计算，必须按照节能规范先进行建筑热工计算，以确定建筑围护结构的传热系数，只有在热工计算达到规范要求的前提下，才能继续进行采暖负荷计算。地面辐射供暖与一般散热器对流供暖方式相比，辐射供暖房间热负荷的严格计算是很复
14、杂的，为简化计算，可采用按对流采暖方式热负荷计算的基础上，进行一些特殊的修正和调整。应按采暖通风及空气调节设计规范的有关规定，进行房间的供暖热负荷计算，但与常规对流式供暖方式热负荷计算应有所区别，不计算敷设有加热管道地面的供暖热负荷。供暖热负荷计算宜将室内计算温度降低2，或取常规对流式供暖方式计算供暖热负荷的90%95%。地板辐射用于房间局部区域供暖、其他区域不供暖时，地板辐射所需散热量可按全面辐射供暖所需散热量，乘以计算系数。供暖区面积比值在0.200.80区间的其他数值时，按插入法确定计算系数。对于采用集中供暖分户热计量或采用分户独立热源的住宅，应考虑间歇供暖、户间建筑热工条件和户间传热等
15、因素，房间的热负荷计算应增加一定的附加量。The design process of radiant floor heating system, the first to do is to heat load calculation. According to the related standard pointed out, surface thermal resistance, directly affect the heat dissipating capacity of the ground. It is shown that, under the same heating condi
16、tion and floor construction situation, in the same room, the heat resistance of 0.02m2 K/W in granite, marble, ceramic tile surface layer, than to thermal resistance is about 0.10m2 K/W wood floor to a high of 30% to 60% to 60; 90% 0.15m2 K/w carpet. Thus, the surface layer material on the great inf
17、luence of ground heat dissipating capacity. However, many of the design to simple and convenient for building thermal load only based on experience estimation, which is often the building heat load estimate is too high to form a waste of energy, a serious violation of the requirements of building en
18、ergy-saving design. For the calculation of the thermal load, must undertake building thermal calculation according to energy efficiency standards, to determine the heat transfer coefficient of building envelope, only reach the specifications in thermodynamic calculation, to continue the heating load
19、 calculation. Ground radiation heating compared with convection heating, heating the room heat load of the rigorous calculation is very complicated, in order to simplify the calculation, can be used according to the convection heating heat load calculation, some special correction and adjustment. Ac
20、cording to the relevant provisions of code for design of heating ventilation and air conditioning, heating load calculation of room, but should be differentiated with the heat load of the conventional convection heating way of calculating the heating load calculation, not laying heating pipe on the
21、ground. Heating load calculation should be indoor temperature 2 decrease, or conventional convection heating way of calculating the heating load of 90% 95%. Radiant floor heating room for local area, other area without heating, radiant floor cooling capacity can be required according to the comprehe
22、nsive radiation heating required heat dissipating capacity, calculating coefficient multiplied by. Heating area ratio of 0.20 to 0.80 in other numerical interval, calculating coefficient in insertion method. For the use of the household heat metering of central heating or using household independent
23、 source of residential, should consider the intermittent heating, house building thermal conditions and heat transfer between households and other factors, heat load calculation room should be added a certain amount of.另外，进深大于6m的房间，宜以距外墙6m为界分区，当作不同的单独房间，分别计算供暖热负荷和进行地面辐射供暖设计。如果负荷计算时未考虑辐射采暖与对流采暖的区别，直接
24、将对流采暖负荷作为辐射采暖负荷进行计算。相同条件下，辐射采暖时壁面温度比对流采暖时高，减少了墙壁对人体的冷辐射，就会导致实感温度可比室内环境温度高23，因此，负荷计算是避免室内温度过高的前提。In addition, the depth is more than 6m room, should be from the external 6m for partition, as a separate room is different, the heating load and heating design ground radiation were calculated. If the loa
25、d calculation does not take into account the difference between heating and convection heating radiation, directly to the convection heating load as the radiation heating load calculation. Under the same conditions, radiation heating than convection heating when the high wall temperature, reduce the
26、 cold radiation wall on the human body, will cause the real sense temperature than the room temperature 2 3 , therefore, load calculation is to avoid the indoor temperature is too high.（二）散量计算(two) dispersion calculation在完成负荷计算后，需要确定的是单位地面面积的散热量，计算公式为q（W/m2）=Q/F。其中Q代表房间所需的地面散热量，F代表辐敷设热管道的面积。需要注意的是地面
27、散热量应为房间计算所得负荷扣除自上层地板向下的传热损失。确定单位地面面积的散热量时，应该校核地表面平均温度。地表面温度过高，长久之后人体也会感到不适，而且对地面覆盖物也有一定影响，因此根据卫生要求、人体热舒适性条件和房间用途，对地面温度做了一些规定。地板辐射采暖时地板表面平均温度tb与加热管的管径d、管间距s、加热管埋深h、地板导热系数、供回水平均温度tp和室内温度tn有关，即tb=f（d，s，h，tp，tn）At the completion of load calculation, is the need to identify the heat dissipation unit floo
28、r area, the formula for the calculation of Q (W/m2) =Q/F. The Q represents the room ground heat amount required, F represents the radiation heat pipe laying area. Note that the load should be deducted from the upper floor down heat loss calculation for room ground heat dissipating capacity. To deter
29、mine the amount of heat per unit surface area, should check to the average surface temperature. Land surface temperature is too high, after a long time the body will feel uncomfortable, but also on the ground cover also has certain effect, therefore according to the requirements of health, human the
30、rmal comfort conditions and the use of the room, made some provisions on the ground temperature. Floor radiant heating floor average surface temperature of TB and the heating pipe diameter D, tube pitch s, heating pipe buried depth h, floor heat conduction coefficient, average temperature of supply
31、and return water TP and room temperature TN, namely tb=f (D, s, h, , TP, TN由于地板单位面积散热量q与单位面积埋管的散热量有关，即与d、s、h、tp有关，则有q=g（d，s，h，tp）因此得出近似公式tb=tn+9.82（q/100）0.969由上述公式中的各相关参数可知，房间负荷过大，供回水平均温度过高，加热管道埋深不够，都会引起地表面平均温度过高而导致采暖环境的舒适度下降。如果产生上述问题，则应改善建筑热工性能或者设置其他辅助调节设备，以便减少系统能耗，增加舒适性。Since the heat dissipating
32、 capacity of floor heat of unit area and unit area of Q pipe, which is related to D, s, h, , TP, then q=g (D, s, h, , TP) so obtained the approximate formula of tb=tn+9.82 (q/100) 0.969 by the relevant parameters of the formula of the show, the room the load is too large, average temperature of supp
33、ly and return water is too high, the heating pipeline depth is not enough, will cause the average surface temperature too high and lead to decline in comfort heating environment. If the above problems, should improve the thermal performance of buildings or other auxiliary equipment, in order to redu
34、ce the system energy consumption, increased comfort.（三）管路设计(three) pipeline design影响地面辐射采暖系统使用效果的另一因素就是地面温度分布不均。也是容易在设计过程中被忽略的地方。地面温度分布均匀程度主要受埋管深度h、管间距s大小、布管方式等影响。加热管道埋深过小和管道间距过大都会导致地表面温度分布不均匀，加热管道埋深不够地表面平均温度会偏高，而为了保证地面温度分布均匀，一般管道间距要不超过300mm，如果管间距为300mm也显得过密时，可通过调整加热管水流量，水温等来适应要求。当在确定了管道埋深和间距大小后，管道布
35、置方式也会影响地面温度分布的均匀性。房间内具体采用何种管道布置方式应根据房间用途，房间热工热性，遵循温度均匀分布原则而定。由于沿外窗或外墙侧热损失较大，一般将高温管段优先布置在该处，或在沿外窗外墙一定范围内布管密些，即缩小管间距。这一点工程设计中基本注意了，但也不必布管过密，使沿外窗外墙侧地面温度偏高，造成热量损失。对于局部区域温度过高的情况（如加热管出口处温度较高，而且布管较密），当对该处地面温度有要求时，应在加热管上采取处理措施，这是工程中常出现的问题，由于集分水器有多个分支管，且出口间距一般为80100mm，因此出口处地面温度往往偏高，有的甚至超过规定温度，对地面材料产生破坏，因此设计中
36、需要注意。对于各房间温度差异较大，设计时需认真计算各支管水流量大小，校核系统阻力是否平衡，尤其是并联管路之间的水力平衡，同时注意管内的流速不应低于0.25m/s。在分集水器各个加热管环路设计上，应根据因地制宜的原则确定分集水器位置，以满足各个环路的加热管长度接近相等，只有这样才能在最大程度满足于水力平衡。而对可自动控温系统，各环路管长可有较大差异。Another factor affecting radiant floor heating system using effect is the ground uneven temperature distribution. Is easy to
37、be ignored in the design process. The ground temperature distribution uniformity is mainly affected by the depth of buried pipe, tube spacing of H S size, tube arrangement etc. Heating pipeline depth is too small and pipe spacing is too metropolitan lead surface temperature distribution is not unifo
38、rm, the heating pipeline depth insufficiently average surface temperature will be high, and in order to guarantee the ground temperature distribution, general pipe spacing, or more than 300mm, if the tube spacing of 300mm is too dense, water flow by adjusting the heating pipe, water temperature to m
39、eet the requirements of. When the pipeline depth and pitch size is determined, piping layout will affect the uniformity of the temperature distribution on the ground. Inside the room, the concrete piping layout should be based on the use of thermal heat of the room, the room temperature, follow the
40、principle of the uniform distribution. Because of the larger along the outer window or wall heat loss, the general will be high temperature pipe section in the priority arrangement, or in certain range along the window wall is dense, i.e. shrinking tubular spacing. The engineering design of the basi
41、c note, but dont tube is too close, the window wall along the outer side of the ground temperature is high, resulting in the loss of heat. The local high temperature (such as high temperature at the outlet of the heating pipe, and the cloth tube relatively dense), when there is a requirement for the
42、 surface temperature on the heating pipe, should take measures, this is usually the problem in the project, because the collection of water separator is a plurality of branch pipe, and the outlet spacing 80 100mm, therefore the exit surface temperature is relatively high, and some even more than the
43、 prescribed temperature, damage to the ground material, therefore, to be noticed in design. Great for the room temperature difference, design must be carefully calculated each branch is the size of the flow of water, check whether the balance of system resistance, especially hydraulic balance betwee
44、n parallel pipeline, at the same time pay attention to pipe velocity should not be less than 0.25m/s. In the sub-catchment each heating pipe loop design, should determine the sub-catchment position according to the principle of suit ones measures to local conditions, to meet the heating of each loop
45、 tube length nearly equal, this is the only way in the maximum satisfaction in hydraulic balance. The automatic temperature control system, the loop length can be different.随着人们生活水平的提高，人们对环境的要求也不断提高，地暖系统凭借其舒适、卫生、环保、节能等优势逐渐取代了传统的散热器采暖。当然，好的取暖效果不能缺少好的系统设计，只有在设计时将细节问题把握好，多方面都考虑周全，才能将地暖系统的效果发挥到最好。因此，就要求
46、我们设计人员要不断学习，不断创新，用新的理论、技术和材料来改善人们的居住环境，以实现我国绿色低能耗的可持续发展战略。With the improvement of peoples living standard, people on the environmental requirements is also rising, floor heating system with its comfort, health, environmental protection, energy saving and other advantages will gradually replace the t
47、raditional radiator heating. Of course, not good heating effect of the lack of the system, only when the design the details grasp, many are considered to be the heating system, the effect of play to the best. Therefore, it requires us to design personnel must constantly learning, constantly innovation, in theory, new technology and material to improve peoples living environment, sustainable development strategies to achieve our green consumption.
