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1、 LandscapeandUrbanPlanning 107 2012 111?117ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirectLandscape and Urban Planningjournal homepage: /0./locate/landurbplanTherelationshipbetweenlandscapedesignstyleandtheconservationvalueofparks:AcasestudyofahistoricalparkinWeimar,GermanyMartinKmmerling?,NorbertMlle
2、rDepartmentLandscapeManagement&RestorationEcologyandHeadOf?ceURBIO,UniversityofAppliedSciencesErfurt,Germanyh i g h l i g h t s Westudiedahistorical parkinWeimar, Germany whichispartofUNESCOworldheritage. Welinkedthehistorical designprinciples andtechniques usedtotodaysplantbiodiversity. Resultswere
3、compared withsimilarGerman andEuropean landscape parks. Suggestions forfuturesustainable parkdesign,restoration andmanagement weremade.a r t i c l e i n f oa b s t r a c tArticlehistory:Urbanparkscanbeinvasionsourcesthrough planting ofintroduced taxa.Ontheotherhand,parksmayactashotspotsofbiodiversit
4、yinurbanareasandcansupportthepreservationofendangeredandraretaxa.Evenifhistoricurbanparksareevaluated?rstofallasheritagesites,theyarealsocreditedfortheirecosystem services andpositive aesthetical andsocialvalues.Received17April2012Accepted9May2012Available online 3 June 2012Althoughtherearenumerous
5、studiesinEuropeonthedesign,philosophies andhistoricalbackgroundof parks as well as their biological diversity, little research has posed the question of how landscapedesignprincipleshavein?uenced thebiologicalconservation valueofparks.Becausethelandscapeparkstylewasoneofthemostin?uentialhistoricalla
6、ndscapedesignfashionsinEuropewefocusedourstudyontheParkanderIlminWeimar,Germanywhichwascreatedinthelate18thcenturyandissince1998partoftheUNESCO Worldheritage.Keywords:BiodiversityHistoricalgardensHorticultureUrbanparksVegetationOurresearch questions were:1. Which design principles, plant material an
7、dtechnical implementation were usedduring thecreationandmanagement ofthepark?2. What is the current value of the park for biological conservation especially for the conservation ofendangered plantspeciesandhabitats?3. Whatistherelationship between designprinciples andthepresent-day valueofthepark?We
8、 compared our results with similar landscape parks and made suggestions for future sustainableparkdesign,restoration andmanagement 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1. Introduction&Butensch?n,2010.Ontheotherhand,parksmayactashotspotsofbiodiversityinurbanareasCornelis&Hermy,2004andcansup-Horticu
9、lture is a major source of plant species invasionsDehnen-Schmutz, Touza, Perrings, & Williamson, 2007; Mack &Erneberg,2002;Reichard&White,2001.Urbanparkscanbeinva-sionsourcesthroughplantingofintroducedtaxaS?umel,Kowarik,portthepreservationofendangeredandraretaxaKowarik,1998;Kunick,1978;Li,Ouyang,Men
10、g,&Wang,2006;Reidl,1989.Evenifhistoricurbanparksarevaluedforemostasheritagesites,theyarealsocreditedfortheirecosystemservicesandpositiveaesthet-/.und&Hunhammar,1999;Chiesura,2004.AlthoughtherearenumerousstudiesinEuropeonthedesign,philosophies and historical background of parks e.gGothein,1928; Turne
11、r, 2005 as well as their biological diversity e.g.Cornelis & Hermy, 2004; Ignatieva & Konechnaya, 2004; Nath,Corresponding author at: Department Landscape Management & RestorationEcology and Head Of?ce URBIO, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, P.O. Box450155,99051Erfurt,Germany.Tel.:+49036167002
12、73;fax:+4903616700259.E-mailaddress:martin.kuemmerlingfh-erfurt.deM.Kmmerling.0169-2046/$?seefrontmatter? 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved./.112M.Kmmerling,N.Mller/LandscapeandUrbanPlanning107 2012 111?1171990 little research has posed the question of how landscapedesignprincipleshavein?uenced
13、thebiologicalconservationvalueofparks.Becausethelandscapeparkstylewasoneofthemostin?u-ential historical landscape design fashions in Europe by the endofthe18thandthe?rstpartofthe19thcenturywefocusedourstudyonaparkfromthatperiod.TheParkanderIlminWeimar,Germanywascreatedinthelate18thcenturyandhasbeens
14、ince1998partoftheUNESCOWorldheritagesiteClassicWeimar.Weselecteditforstudybecause:1. itisatypicalparkofthatperiod2. therewerenochangestodesignstyleforseveralcenturies3. therewasrichhistoricalmaterialonparkdesignandplantusesuspected.InitialsearchesintheThuringianPublicRecordOf?cesituatedclosetothepar
15、k,since1567con?rmedthissuspicion.Ourresearchquestionswere:1. Which design principles, plant material and technical imple-mentation were used during the creation and management ofthepark?2. Whatisthecurrentvalueoftheparkforbiologicalconservationespeciallyfortheconservationofendangeredplantspeciesandh
16、abitats?3. What is the relationship between design principles and thepresent-dayvalueofthepark?WecomparedourresultswithsimilarGermanlandscapeparksandmakesuggestionsforfuturesustainableparkdesign,restora-tionandmanagement.2. StudysiteTheParkanderIlmissituatedinWeimar215ma./.entral/.ormanyhistoricalpa
17、rksinEuropeParkanderIlmappearedonthesiteofapreviousformalgeometricalgardenwhichwasdesignednexttotheDukeCarlAugustspalace.AtthattimetheparkwaslocatedintheoutskirtsofWeimar.From1860thecityofWeimarspreadandtheParkbecameenclosedintheurbanboundaries.Fig.1. Habitatmapofthe“ParkanderIlm”.Theparkformspartof
18、the?oodplainoftheriverIlmbetweentheDucalcitypalaceofWeimarandthecitycentreinthenorthandthenowsuburbanisedvillageofOberweimarandexclusiveresidential/.sc.1.5kmlongandcoversabout0.48km2.Thesoilofthe?oodplainisalluvialclay;designersfoundintheThuringianPublicRecordOf?ceandassoci-atedarchives,aswellasrepr
19、intsofhistoricetchingsanddrawingscollectedbytheWeimarClassicsFoundation.InadditionlocalliteraturefromtheWeimarClassicsFoundationespeciallyBeyer&Seifert,1995wasusedtorelatethe?ndingsofthehistoricdocumentstotheirappropriateera.Alsoinformalinter-viewswiththecurrentandformergardenersaboutmanagementtechn
20、iquesandplantusagewerecarriedout.thevalleysidescomprisecalcareousmateriallikeKeuperandshellbearinglimestonedeposits.Climatically Weimar belongs to the dry environment of theThuringian basin leeward of Thuringia Mountains with beechforests.Theannualprecipitationisabout557mm;theprevailingwinddirection
21、saresouthwest,westandnorthwest.Theaverageannualtemperatureis8.3?C,withanaverageof?0.7?CinJanuary3.2. Evaluationforbiologicalconservationand17.2?CinJulySalzmann,1999.3.2.1. Fieldmappingof?oraandvegetation3. MethodsThepresentvegetationand?orawereinvestigatedby?eldmap-pinginMay?October2006toevaluatethe
22、parksplantdiversity.Theparkwasdividedintodifferenthabitattypes:lawns,meadowsandpastures,shrubberies,woodlands,ecotonesherbaceousmar-gins,walls/rocks,plantcommunitiesonpaths&lanes,riverbanksandwaterbodies.Eachhabitattypewasthensampledrandomly.ThenumberofsampleswasbasedonthesizeofeachhabitattypeFig.3.
23、ThesizeofsampleplotswasdeterminedusingtheminimalareamethodDierschke,1994.Foreachsampleplotthefrequencyof plant species were recorded following the “Braun?Blanquet”method Dierschke, 1994In total 436 sample plots were3.1. Historyofdesign,plantintroductionandmanagementoftheparkHistoricdocumentswerestud
24、iedtogainimportantinformationabout the design principles, plant material including origin andtimeofintroductionofnon-nativeornamentalspeciesandman-agementtechniquesusedduringthecreationanddevelopmentoftheParkanderIlm.Theseunpublisheddocumentsincluded?ledreports,managementnotesandplansoftheformergard
25、enersandM.Kmmerling,N.Mller/LandscapeandUrbanPlanning107 2012 111?117113established.Inaddition,20inspectionsofthewholeparkwerecar-riedoutduringMay?October2006andMarch?May2007torecordallspontaneousvascularplanttaxa.neartomiddlesurroundingsofWeimarandcultivatedintheducalplantnursery,whichwaswithinthep
26、arkThuringianPublicRecordOf?ceunpublished.The 436 sample plots were used to determine the most fre-quentspecies.Forwoodyspecies,onlyseedlingsandsaplingswerecounted.TheparksTreeRegisteroftheWeimarClassicsFounda-tion1996?2007,unpublishedwasusedtocalculatethefrequencyofmaturetrees.Nomenclature of plant
27、s generally follows J?ger and Werner2005,andfortaxafoundintheparkbutnotlistedhere,Erhardt,G?tz,B?deker,andSeybold2002wasused.Non-nativeplantshavebeenintroducedtocontrastwithnativeplants,aseyecatchersdesignemphasisandasabotanicalcurios-ityespeciallyfashionableinthesecondpartofthe19thcentury.Mostly al
28、ien species were planted near representative buildingsandmonuments,aswellasinexposedareasalongtheparklanes.Planted non-native trees included many so called “English Tim-bers”,treespeciesimportedfromNorthAmericalikeAcerrubrumL.,/.ycultivarsofRosaspp.wereplantedinlownumbersforornamentalpurposes,Lobeli
29、acardinalisL.wasplantedinsmallponds.3.2.2. EvaluationbiologicalconservationstatusontheregionalandEuropeanlevelAfterWorldWarIItheplantnurseryintheParkwasclosed.FromthenonplantmaterialhasbeenintroducedfromalloverEuropeandoverseasGardenerspersonalinformation,2006.To evaluate the parks contribution to b
30、iological conservation,wecompiledtheendangeredplantsandhabitatsfoundintheparkusingthelocalThuringianRedDataListsKorsch&Westhus,2001;Westhus&vanHengel,2001.Furthermorewecheckedtheplantspecies and habitats protected by the Thuringian law for natureconservationThrNatG,2006andtheEuropeanHabitatsDirec-ti
31、veCounciloftheEuropeanUnion,2007.To evaluate the park as a potential source for plant invasionsde?nitionsforbiologicalinvasionsfollowRichardsonetal.,2000,we compared our data with the regional list of environmentalweedsinThuringiaMller,Westhus,&Armft,2005.4.1.3. ManagementtechniquesInhistorictimes,m
32、anagementofthemeadowsandgroveswasundertaken by local farmers and herdsmen who used them forgrazing sheep, goats and cattle, as well as for production of hay.Ornamental plant beds around the buildings were managed bygardenersanddaylabourers.Today,themeadowswithinpartsofthe?oodplainandontheeasternslop
33、esofthevalleyarestillmowntwice-yearlyandthehayissoldtofarmersorcomposted.Onthegrasslandswithinthe?ood-plainsheepandgoatgrazingisstillamanagementcomponentofthepark.Thevegetationofthelanesiscontrolledwithherbicides.Wallvegetationisclearedperiodically.Treemaintenanceandreju-venationofthegrovesareonlydo
34、neifnecessaryforthesafetyofvisitorsandthepreservationofcertainimportantaestheticvistas.Areaswhicharenotusedbyvisitorsandthosewithoutimportantviewsareleftunmanaged.Sincethesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,increasedrecreationaluse and the lack of ?nances have resulted in intensi?cation inmanagement of the p
35、ark. For example all diverse meadows cuttwice-yearlyinthewesternpartandsomeinthe?oodplainshavebeen converted to frequently mown lawns cut twenty times ayear. This continues today and has resulted in a signi?cant lossofplantbiodiversityofspeciesrichmeadows.4. Results4.1. Historyofdesign,plantintroduc
36、tionandmanagement4.1.1. DesignprinciplesrelevantforbiodiversityFollowingtheEuropeanfashioninlandscapedesignDukeCarlAugustofSachsen?Weimar?Eisenach1757?1828decidedtocre-ate a park as an ideal pastoral landscape, consisting of differenttypesofviews:openandclosedspacesofdifferentsize,shapeandstructurew
37、hichwerevisuallyconnectedtothesurroundingland-scape. It was followed according to the classic English landscapeparkrule?concealingtheboundariesofaparkwithnature.Theseviewsshouldalsobevisiblewhenwalkingorridingthroughthepark.Therefore the main design principle of the park was the useoftheexistingnatu
38、raltopographyandculturallandscape,whichcomprisedtemporarily?oodedandfrequentlymownandgrazedgrasslands meadows and pastures in the ?oodplains, orchardsand meadows on the slopes and small forest patches where theslopes were too steep to be used for food production. When theparkwasincreasedinsize,newla
39、ndscapeswereaddedonformerarablelandthusthesehabitatscanbequali?edasarti?ciallycre-ated.Theextentoftheforesthabitatswithintheparkwasincreasedtocreateabetterambianceaswellasagreatervarietyofviews.Typicaldesignelementsarethevistas,usuallyextendedcuttingsthrough forest patches within the park, which con
40、nect featuresofspecialinterestsculpturesandpavilionsandopennewviewsfromdifferentlocations.Theparkwasneverenclosedbyafenceorwall?importancewasgiventothecreationofaseamlesstransitionbetweentheparkanditssurroundings.TheParkanderIlmandtheparksofTiefurtandBelvedere,togetherwithsomeforestremnantsalongther
41、iverIlmformagreencorridorthroughthecityofWeimar,whichwasalwaystheintentionoftheDukeeversincetheparkswerecreated.4.2. PlantandhabitatdiversityThesurveyofthepark?orayielded479taxaofvascularplants.About59%281taxaofthesearenativetoThuringia;15%arenat-uralisednon-nativetaxa74;and26%arenon-nativeplantedta
42、xa124. Compared to the regional ?ora of Thuringia Korsch et al.,2002theparkharbours18%355taxa.WhencomparingtheoriginofplanttaxaandtheirfrequencyinthesampleplotscompareFig.2itisevidentthatregardingthemost frequent species there are far more native mostly ubiqui-toustaxaandtaxacharacteristicforthepark
43、smainhabitatsthannon-/.oristhemostfrequentnon-nativetaxa,whichnaturalisedinGermanybefore1500J?ger&Werner,2005andisacharacteristicspeciesoftrampledplantcommunities,lawns,pasturesandriparianhabitats.Thenextmostfrequentnon-nativetaxaareImpatiensparvi?oraDC.,I.glanduliferaRoyle,SymphoricarposalbusL./.ke
44、,Aesculushippocastanum/.twoImpatiensspeciesareconsideredtobeweedsinThuringiaMlleretal.,2005.SymphoricarposalbusL./.ke,/.orna-mental species, which have not become naturalised in Thuringiaup to now. But they already reproduce within the park and arecontrolledviamanagementsothattheydonotescapeoutside.
45、TheTreeRegisteroftheWeimarClassicsFoundationfortheParkanderIlmrecords3192individualsof94taxalastupdate2006.4.1.2. PlantintroductionSincelargeareasoftheparkweredevelopedfromtheexisting?oodplainforestsandmeadowsthenativeplantdiversitywaspre-served. For the creation of new forest patches and groves nat
46、ivetreeandshrubspeciesweresourcedfromtheducalforestsinthe114M.Kmmerling,N.Mller/LandscapeandUrbanPlanning107 2012 111?117Fig.2. Spontaneoustaxan306recordedwithinthesampleplotsn436,groupedafterfrequency.Theproportionandnumberofnativetonon-nativetaxais28%26vs.72%68,buttheproportionandnumberofindividua
47、lsis73%2344nativevs.27%848non-native.ThemostfrequentnativespeciesareFraxinusexcelsiorL.409Individuals,TiliacordataMill.305 and Acer platanoides L. 281. Fraxinus excelsior L. and AcerplatanoidesL.arealsothemostfrequenttreespeciesintermsofregeneration.Themostfrequentnon-nativetaxaareAesculuship-pocastanum L. 273 individuals, Robinia pseudoacacia L. 78 andPopuluscanadensisMoench70.Allthreetaxareproduceinthepark,thelatteronlyviasuckering.Thesethreespeciesaredomi-nant;theothernon-nativetreespecieshavebeenplantedonlyinverysmallnumb
