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1、Part B:Ten principles of economics经济学十大原理,Cha 01 Introduction,2,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2 经济学十大原理 Ten Principles of Economics,三个基本问题：生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产拓展：以上三个问题是关于人们如何决策的问题此外还要思考：人们如何相互相互联系？影响经济总体的力量和趋势有哪些？,3,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2 经济学十大原理 Ten Principles of Economics,How People Make DecisionsPeople face tradeoffs.The cost o
2、f something is what you give up to get it.Rational people think at the margin.People respond to incentives.,4,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2 经济学十大原理 Ten Principles of Economics,How People InteractTrade can make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes
3、 improve economic outcomes.,5,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2 经济学十大原理 Ten Principles of Economics,How the Economy as a Whole WorksThe standard of living depends on a countrys production.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.,6,东北师大人
4、文地理 赵伟,2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions,原理一：人们面临权衡取舍 People face tradeoffs“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”,7,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions,原理一：人们面临权衡取舍 People face tradeoffs“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”To get one thing,we usually have to give up anothe
5、r thing.Guns v.butterFood v.clothingLeisure time v.workEfficiency v.equityMaking decisions requires trading off one goal against another.,8,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,效率和公平 Efficiency v.equity,效率 Efficiency社会能从其稀缺资源中获得最多的产品means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.公平 Equity经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性
6、means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.注意，若非理想中的共产主义世界出现，效率与公平将是一对永恒的矛盾，追求效率即会牺牲公平，追求公平又会牺牲效率。,special column,9,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions,原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西 The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Decisions
7、require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.Whether to go to college or to work?Whether to study or go out on a date?Whether to go to class or sleep in?引出概念：机会成本为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西（我们所能付出的代价如时间、金钱等有限，因而获得一种东西或满足某种欲望的同时必须放弃另一种东西或满足另一种欲望的机会，故曰“机会”成本）an item is what you give up to obtain that ite
8、m,10,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions,原理三：理性人考虑边际量 Rational people think at the margin边际变动Marginal changes are small,incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin边际，意为“追加的”。边际量：如果是简单指标，往往是事物的实际增加数量；如果是复合指标，
9、则往往以比值（平均值）形式出现。,11,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions,原理四：人们会对激励做出反应 People respond to incentives.Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal
10、costs!激励指其他人、社会、政府的行为对某人的利益产生影响，这种影响可以是正的或负的。,12,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.2 人们如何相互交易 How People Interact,原理五：贸易能使每个人的状况更好 Trade can make everyone better offPeople gain from their ability to trade with one another.Competition results in gains from trading.Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.,
11、13,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.2 人们如何相互交易 How People Interact,原理六：市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activityIn a market economy,households decide what to buy and who to work for.Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.引出概念：市场经济当许多企業和家庭在物品與勞務市場上相互交易時，通過他們的分散決策配置資源的经济market
12、economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services,14,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,看不见的手 invisible hand,指价格机制亚当斯密认为：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，并导致了合意的市场结果。Because households and firms look at prices w
13、hen deciding what to buy and sell,they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.As a result,prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.,special column,15,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.2 人们如何相互交易 How People Interact,原理七：政府有的时候可以改善市场结果
14、 Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes When the market fails breaks down government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.Market failure may be caused by an externality,which is the impact of one perso
15、n or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.Market failure may also be caused by market power,which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.,16,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.3 整体经济如何运行 How the Economy as a Whole Works,原理八：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力The standard of living depend
16、s on a countrys productionStandard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the total market value of a nations production.Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities.生产率指每个工人每小时所能生产的产品和服务的数量the amou
17、nt of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time,17,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.3 整体经济如何运行 How the Economy as a Whole Works,原理九：当政府发行了过多的货币时，物价上升 Prices rise when the government prints too much moneyInflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy（通貨膨脹指經濟中物價總水平的上升。）.One cau
18、se of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.When the government creates large quantities of money,the value of the money falls.,18,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,Prices rise,没错，您排队时候的价格是68美分，但现在是74美分了。,19,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.3 整体经济如何运行 How the Economy as a Whole Works,原理十：社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍Society faces a short
19、-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment,The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:Inflation UnemploymentIts a short-run tradeoff!,菲利普斯曲線：是一条表現通貨膨脹與失業之間反方向變動關係的曲線，经济整体面临通貨膨脹與失業之間的權衡取舍。,20,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,十大原理,私人如何决策人民面临权衡取舍（选择）选择须付出机会成本选择的代价理性人考虑边际量选择的原则人们会对激励作出反应外因驱动时的选择人们如何相互交易交易使双方受益贸易的好处或原因市场可以有效组织经济活动交易的发生的机制市场失灵时需要政府干预政府干预市场失灵的修正机制整体经济如何运行财富取决于生产能力货币过多则通货膨胀短期内通货膨胀和失业率此消彼涨,
