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1、could save into wagons. They helped one another climb the high hills around the city. Never in all SanFrsncios histroy were her people so kind as on that terrible night.Unit 5Elias storyMy name is Elias. I am a poor worker in SouthAfrica. The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult
2、 period of my life. I was twelve years old. It was in 1952 and Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. He offered guidance to poor black people on their legal problems. He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.I needed his help because I had very little education. I be
3、gan school at six. The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. I had to leave because my family could not continue to pay the school fees and the bus fare. I could not read or write well. After trying hard, I got a job in a gold mine. However, this was a time when one ha
4、d to got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg. Sadly I did not have it because I was not born there, and I worried about whether I would become out of work.The day when Nelson Mandela helped me was one of my happiest. He told me how to get the correct papers so I could stay in Johannesburg. I
5、became more hopeful about my future. I never forgot how kind Mandela was. When he organized the ANC Youth League, I joined it as soon as I could. He said:“ The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress,until today we have reached a stage where we have a
6、lmost no rights at all.”It was the truth. Black people could not vote or choose their leaders. They could not get the jobs they wanted. The parts of town in which they had to live were decided by white people. The places outside the towns where they were sent to live were the poorest parts of South
7、Africa. No one could grow food there,. In fact as Nelson Mandela said:“ We were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government. We chose to attack the laws. We first broke the law in a way which was peaceful; when this was not allowed only then d
8、id we decide to answer violence with violence.”As a matter of fact, I do not like violence but in 1963 I helped him blow up some government buildings. It was very dangerous because if I was caught I could be put in prison. But I was very happy to help because I knew it would help us achieve our drea
9、m of making black and white people equal.The rest of Elias storyYou cannot imagine how the name of Robben Island made us afraid. It was a prison from which no one escaped. There I spent the hardest time of my life. But when I got there Nelson Mandela was also there and he helped me. Mr Mandela began
10、 a school for those of us who had little learning. We read books under our blankets and used anything we could find to make candles to see the words. I became a good student. I wanted to study for degree but I was not allowed to do that. Later, Mr Mandela allowed the prison guards to join us. He sai
11、d they should not be stopped from studying for their degrees. They were not cleverer than me, but they did pass their exams. So I knew I could get a degree too. That made me feel good about myself.When I finished the four years in prison, I went to find a job. Since I was better educated, I got a jo
12、b working in an office. However, the police found out and told my boss that I had been in prison for blowing up government buildings. So I lost my job. I did not work again for twenty years until Mr Mandela and the ANC came to power in 1994. All that time my wife and children had to beg for food and
13、 help from relatives or friends. Luckily Mr Mandela remembered me and gave me a job taking tourists around my old prison on Robben Island. I felt bad the first time I talked to a group. All the terror and fear of that time came back to me. I remembered the beatings and the cruelty of the guards and
14、my friends who had died. I felt I would not be able to do it, but my family encouraged me. They said that the job and the pay from the new South Africa government were my reward after working all my life for equal rights for the Blacks. So now at 51 I am proud to show visitors over the prison, for I
15、 helped to make our people free in their own land.A follower of Bill GatesI have been a friend of Bill Gates for a long time. I knew him when he was a student at Harvard University. We were surprised when he left University to set up his own company” Microsoft” and make his own software. But he was
16、the clever one! He is very good at writing computer languages and almost all computers now use Microsoft software. The program “Word” is used from Britain to China! Of course he has made a lot of money and that makes people very jealous. They want to stop his success. Even the government is against
17、him and has tried to break his company into two parts. They say that he is unfair to other people who want to sell similar software. Because hefits his new software free in every new computer, the government says he is stopping other companies from selling their programs. This is not fair. Everyone
18、should be able to do what they can to make their company bigger. Bill Gates has not only done what he can to stop other competitors. He is very rich, but he is generous. He has given millions of dollars to help the education and the health of many children around the world. You could not meet a bett
19、er man than Bill Gates.A competitors of Bill GatesBill Gates has been very successful and become very rich. He is very generous but how has he got his money? He has down this by making sure that no one else will be able to compete with his software. His software is not the best but it is used most w
20、idely in the world. When he sees what is needed, he makes a program and produces it quicker than anybody else. That way he gets a large part of the software market. Then he works on improving the software later. He tries hard to stop others making better software. In 1995 the government tried to mak
21、e things fairer for people like me. The government wanted to make Microsoft into two companies so that neither of them was so strong nor so rich. This meant that they could not stop somebody else making new software. I always wonder how he could get so rich so quickly. Has he done it by fair means?
22、Or has he done it by being a computer bully?必修二Unit 1In search of the amber roomFrederick William I, the king of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several
23、 tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the countrys best artists about ten years to make.I
24、n fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Fredrick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Fredrick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers.
25、So the Amber Room became part of the Czars winter palace in St Petersburg. About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important vistors. Later, Catherine had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add mor
26、e details to it. In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. Almost six hundred candles lit the room, and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly, although the Amber Room was cnsidered one of the wonders of the world, it is now missing.In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Pete
27、rsburg. This was atime when the two countries were at war. Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace, the Russians were able to remove some furnitures and small art objects from the Amber Room. However, some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself. In less than two days 100000 pieces were
28、put inside twenty-seven wooden boxes. There is no doubt that the boxes were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at a time a German city on the Baltic Sea. After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery.Recently, the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the sum
29、mer palace. By studying old photos of the former Amber room, they have made the new one looke like the old one. In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th bithday of their city.A fact of an opinionWhat is a fact? Is it something that people believe? No. A fac
30、t is anything that can be proved. For example, it can be proved that China has more people than any other country in the world. This is a fact.Then what is an opinion? An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. So an opinoion is not good evidence in a trail. For example, it
31、 is an opinion if you say “Cats are better pets than dogs”. It may be true, but it is difficult to prove. Some people may not agree with this opinion but they also cannot prove that they are right.In a trail, a judge must decide which eyewitnesses to believe and which not to believe. The judge does
32、not consider what each eyewitness looks like or where that person lives or works. He/She only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information, which must be facts rather than opinions. This kind of information is called evidence.Big Feng to the rescueHis friends and family call him “Bi
33、g Feng” because he is bery tall and played basketball as a young man. But he is also big in a different way he fights hard to protect Chinas past. His real name is Feng Jicai and he has written many novels about life in China. Several years ago, however, he put down his pen for a while and began to
34、protect the cltural relics in Tianjin, where he lives. Once someon asked him why he no longer wrote. He replied that at the moment he felt protecting cultural relics was more important. Feng loves his hometown. He believes that old things must be given a plave next to new thins, or people will soon
35、forget ther great past. He does not make speeches to get others to help him in his projects. Instead he goes out and does what he can himeself. If others follow him, so much the better. One of his biggest projects was to protect the oldest street in Tianjin. Along that street some shops had done bus
36、iness for seven hundred years. Althought the city government rebuilt this street, they did save its oldest内部资料仅供参考第一章 总 说 明一、重庆市建设工程费用定额(以下简称本定额)，是为合理确定和有效控制工程投资，提高工程投资效益，加强政府宏观调控，根据建设部、财政部关于印发的通知(建标2003206号)及建设工程工程量清单计价规范(GB50500-2003)等规定，结合本市实际情况进行编制的。二、本定额是本市行政区域内的建设工程编制和审核工程预算、工程标底、最高限价、工程结算的依据；
37、是编制企业定额、投标报价和工程量清单综合单价的参考依据；也是编制概算定额和建设工程投资估算指标的基础。三、建设工程计价，可采用以下计价办法：(一)定额计价：指按2008年重庆市建设工程计价定额及本定额规定计算工程项目所需全部费用的计价办法。(二)工程量清单计价：指按国家标准建设工程工程量清单计价规范、重庆市建设工程工程量清单计价实施细则及本定额规定的计价办法。四、建设工程采用定额计价的，应执行本定额。采用工程量清单计价的，编制招标最高限价时，应执行本定额；编制投标报价和工程量清单综合单价时，其费用组成及内容、计价程序、有关说明以及工程费用中的规费、安全文明施工专项费、工程定额测定费、税金标准应
38、执行本定额外，其他工程费用标准、工程类别等可参考本定额执行。五、本定额与2008年重庆市建筑工程计价定额、重庆市装饰工程计价定额、重庆市安装工程计价定额、重庆市市政工程计价定额、重庆市仿古建筑及园林工程计价定额、重庆市房屋修缮工程计价定额配套执行。六、本定额适用范围(一)土石方工程：适用于人工土石方工程和机械土石方工程。(二)建筑工程：适用于新建、扩建、改建的工业与民用建筑工程。(三)装饰工程：适用于新建、扩建、改建的装饰工程以及再次装饰的工程。(四)安装工程：适用于新建、扩建的安装工程。包括各类管道、设备、电气(含路灯)、自控仪表、通风空调、消防、工艺金属结构、刷油、防腐蚀、绝热、通信等工程
39、。(五)炉窑砌筑工程：适用于新建、扩建、改建的工业炉窑砌筑工程，包括各类专业炉窑和一般工业炉窑工程。(六)市政工程：适用于新建、扩建、改建的市政工程。包括道路(含厂区内生产区和生活区、居住小区)、桥梁、隧道、涵洞、堤防、排水、附属构筑物、市政给水、燃气管道及道路交通设施等工程。(七)仿古建筑及园林工程：适用于新建、扩建、改建的仿古建筑及园林、绿化工程。(八)房屋修缮工程：适用于房屋建筑和附属设备的修缮(含加固、拆除)工程。(九)签证记工、签证机械和零星借工：签证记工、签证机械适用于施工过程中，由发包方签证的用工及机械台班。零星借工适用于发包方向承包方借用工人，由发包方负责管理的零星用工。第二章
40、 建筑安装工程费用项目组成及内容一、建筑安装工程费用项目组成建筑安装工程费由直接费、间接费、利润和税金组成，见表1。建筑安装工程费用项目组成建筑安装工程费直接费直接工程费人工费材料费施工机械使用费措施费技术措施费大型机械设备进出场及安拆费混凝土、钢筋混凝土模板及支架费脚手架费施工排水及降水费专业工程专用措施费组织措施费环境保护费临时设施费夜间施工费冬雨季施工增加费二次搬运费包干费已完工程及设备保护费工程定位复测、点交及场地清理费材料检验试验费间接费企业管理费管理人员工资办公费差旅交通费固定资产使用费工具用具使用费劳动保险费工会经费职工教育经费财产保险费财务费税金其他规费社会保障费职工养老保险职
41、工失业保险职工医疗保险住房公积金危险作业意外伤害保险工程排污费利润安全文明施工专项费工程定额测定费税金营业税城市建设维护税教育费附加注：1技术措施费是指能够套用2008年重庆市建设工程计价定额计算的措施项目费；组织措施费是指以费率形式计算的措施项目费。2本表措施费项目只列出各专业工程通用措施项目，各专业工程专用措施项目应根据各专业工程实际情况确定，有关内容参见表2。二、建筑安装工程费用内容(一)直接费由直接工程费和措施费组成。1直接工程费：是指施工过程中耗费的构成工程实体的各项费用，包括人工费、材料费、施工机械使用费。(1)人工费：是指直接从事建筑安装工程施工的生产工人开支的各项费用，包括的内
42、容： 基本工资：是指发放给生产工人的基本工资。工资性补贴：是指按规定标准发放的物价补贴，煤、燃气补贴，交通补贴，住房补贴，流动施工津贴等。生产工人辅助工资：是指生产工人年有效施工天数以外非作业天数的工资，包括职工学习、培训期间的工资，调动工作、探亲、休假期间的工资，因气候影响的停工工资，女工哺乳时间的工资，病假在六个月以内的工资及产、婚、丧假期的工资。职工福利费：是指按规定标准计提的职工福利费。生产工人劳动保护费：是指按规定标准发放的劳动保护用品的购置费及修理费，徒工服装补贴，防暑降温费，在有碍身体健康环境中施工的保健费用等。(2)材料费：是指施工过程中耗费的构成工程实体的原材料、辅助材料、构
43、配件、零件、半成品的费用。内容包括：材料原价(或供应价格)。材料运杂费：是指材料自来源地运至工地仓库或指定堆放地点所发生的全部费用。运输损耗费：是指材料在运输装卸过程中不可避免的损耗。采购及保管费：是指为组织采购、供应和保管材料过程中所需要的各项费用。包括: 采购费、仓储费、工地保管费、仓储损耗。(3)施工机械使用费：是指施工机械作业所发生的机械使用费以及机械安拆费和场外运费。施工机械台班单价由下列七项费用组成：折旧费：是指施工机械在规定的使用年限内，陆续收回其原值及购置资金的时间价值。大修理费：是指施工机械按规定的大修理间隔台班进行必要的大修理，以恢复其正常功能所需的费用。经常修理费：是指施
44、工机械除大修理以外的各级保养和临时故障排除所需的费用。包括为保障机械正常运转所需替换设备与随机配备工具、附具的摊销和维护费用，机械运转中日常保养所需润滑与擦拭的材料费用及机械停滞期间的维护和保养费用等。安拆费及场外运费：安拆费是指施工机械在现场进行安装与拆卸所需的人工、材料、机械和试运转费用以及机械辅助设施的折旧、搭设、拆除等费用；场外运费是指施工机械整体或分体自停放地点运至施工现场或由一施工地点运至另一施工地点的运输、装卸、辅助材料及架线等费用。人工费：是指机上司机(司炉)和其他操作人员的工作日人工费及上述人员在施工机械规定的年工作台班以外的人工费。燃料动力费：是指施工机械在运转作业中所消耗
45、的固体燃料(煤、木柴)、液体燃料(汽油、柴油)及水、电的费用。养路费及车船使用税：是指施工机械按照国家规定和有关部门规定应缴纳的养路费、车船使用税、保险费及年检费等。2措施费：是指为完成工程项目施工，发生于该工程施工前和施工过程中非工程实体项目的技术和组织措施费用，包括内容：(1)大型机械设备进出场及安拆费：是指特、大型机械整体或分体自停放场地运至施工现场或由一个施工地点运至另一个施工地点，所发生的机械进出场运输及转移费用，机械在施工现场进行安装、拆卸所需的人工费、材料费、机械费、试运转费和安装所需的辅助设施的费用。(2)混凝土、钢筋混凝土模板及支架费：是指混凝土及钢筋混凝土施工过程中需要的各
46、种钢模板、木模板、支架等的支、拆、运输费用及模板、支架的摊销(或租赁)费用。(3)脚手架费：是指施工需要的各种脚手架搭、拆、运输费用及脚手架的摊销(或租赁)费用。(4)施工排水及降水费：是指为确保工程在正常条件下施工，采取各种排水、降水措施所发生的各种费用。 (5)专业工程专用措施费：是指除上述通用措施费项目外，各专业工程根据工程特征所采用的措施项目费用，具体项目参见表2。专业工程专用措施费表2序号项目名称建筑工程1垂直运输机械装饰工程1垂直运输机械2室内空气污染测试安装工程1组装平台2设备、管道施工的安全、防冻和焊接保护措施3压力容器和高压管道的检验4焦炉施工大棚5焦炉烘炉、热态工程6管道安
47、装后的充气保护措施7隧道内施工的通风、供水、供气、供电、照明及通讯设施8现场施工围栏9长输管道临时水工保护设施10长输管道施工便道11长输管道跨越或穿越施工措施12长输管道地下穿越地上建筑物的保护措施13长输管道工程施工队伍调遣14格架式抱杆市政工程1围堰2筑岛3现场施工围栏4便道5便桥6洞内施工的通风、供水、供气、供电、照明及通讯设施7驳岸块石清理注：上表内未包括的专项措施费，可另行补充。(6)环境保护费：是指施工现场为达到环保等有关部门要求所需要的各项费用。(7)临时设施费：是指施工企业为进行建筑安装工程施工所必须搭设的生活和生产用的临时建筑物、构筑物和其他临时设施的搭设、维修、拆除或摊销
48、等费用。临时设施包括：临时生活设施、办公室、文化娱乐用房、材料仓库、加工厂、人行便道、构筑物以及施工现场范围内建筑物(构筑物)沿外边起50m以内的供(排)水管道、供电管线等，但不包括施工场地及道路硬化等。(8)夜间施工费：是指因夜间施工所发生的夜班补助费、夜间施工降效、夜间施工照明设备摊销及照明用电等费用。(9)冬雨季施工增加费：是指在冬雨季施工增加的设施、劳保用品、防滑、排除雨雪的人工及劳动效率降低等费用。(10)二次搬运费：是指因施工现场材料、成品、半成品必须发生的二次、多次搬运费用。(11)包干费：是指工程施工期间因停水、停电，材料设备供应，材料代用等不可预见的一般风险因素影响正常施工而又不便计算的损失费用。内容包括：一月内临时停水、停电在工作时间16小时以内的停工
