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1、通风、空调工程施工图预算-通风安装工程量计算（含案例）一、通风工程系统组成通风系统的任务是将室内的污浊空气或废气经过消毒之后排至室外，再把室外的新鲜空气经过净化处理之后送到室内，以保持室内的空气清洁、新鲜。1、通风系统的分类按照动力来分分为自然通风、机械通风两种。机械通风又分为机械送风和机械排风两种。自然通风：由于室内外空气的温度不同而形成的空气重度差促使室内和室外的空气发生对流、交换。机械通风机械通风分为机械送风和机械排风两种。机械送风：利用风机产生的动力，使空气在通风管道系统内沿一定的方向流动，分送到各用其房间或用气点。如下图所示机械排风：利用风机产生的的空气或废气经过消毒之后排至室外。如
2、下图所示动力，将室内污浊 2、通风工程系统组成送风(给风)系统组成(J系统)，如下图所示。吸(回、排)风口：将房间内浊气吸入回风管道，送回空气处理室处理。管道配件(管件)：弯头、三通、四通、异径管、法兰盘、导流片、静压箱等。管道部件：各处风口、阀、排气罩、风帽、检查孔、测定孔和风管支、吊、托架等。排风(P)系统组成，如下图所示。排风口：将浊气吸入排风管内。有吸风口、排风口、侧吸罩等部件。排风管：输送浊气的管道。排风机：排风机是将浊气用机械能量从排气管中排出。风帽：将浊气排入大气中，防空气倒灌及防雨水灌入的部件。除尘器：用排风机的吸力将带灰尘及有害质粒的浊气吸入除尘器中，将尘粒集中排出。如旋风除
3、尘器、袋式除尘器、滤尘器等。其他管件和部件等：见送风系统。二、通风安装工程量计算(一)通风管道工程量计算1、风管工程量计算及定额使用：用薄钢板、镀锌钢板、不锈钢板、塑料板等板材制作安装的风管工程量，以施工图图示风管中心线长度为准，按风管不同断面形状(圆、方、矩)的展开面积计算，按计量。风管展开面积：不扣除检查孔、测定孔、送风口、吸风口等所占面积，咬口重叠部分也不增加。风管长度计算：一律以施工图所示中心线长度为准。包括弯头、三通、变径管、天圆地方管件长度。支管长度以支管中心线与主管中心线交接点为分界点。风管长度不包括部件所占长度。部件长度值按教材表5.2计取。风管制作与安装定额包括：弯头、三通、
4、变径管、天圆地方等管件及法兰、加固框和吊架、托架、支架的制作与安装。风管制作与安装定额不包括：过跨风管的落地支架制安。按重量另计其费用，使用通风空调分册相关子目。净化通风管道及部件制作与安装，工程量计算方法与一般通风管道相同，用相应定额，但是，零部件安装要计算净化费，按相应部件子目安装基价的35%作为净化费。其中人工费占40%。对净化管道与建筑物缝隙之间所做的净化密封处理，按实计算其费用。塑料风管、管件制作需热煨成型，用木质胎具时，其胎具木材按一等方材计价摊销。当风管工程量在30以上时，摊销0.06m3/10;30以下时，摊销0.09m3/10。当风管、管件、部件、非标设备发生场外运输时，在场
5、外生产的施工组织设计必须经过审批，其运费按以下方法计算：运费=车次数车核定吨位吨千米单价里程车次数=加工件总重量/车次核定吨位装载系数装载系数：非标准设备及通风部件0.7;通风管及管件为0.5。不足一车按一车计。通风管制作安装：按材质、风管形状、直径大小和钣材厚度而不论制作方法(咬口、焊接)，分别套用定额。薄钢钣风管中钣材，设计要求厚度不同时，可以换算，人工、机械不变。风管制作安装定额中法兰垫料是按各种材料品种综合考虑的，不得换算。整个通风系统实际采用渐缩管均匀送风者，圆形管按断面平均直径，矩形管按断面平均周长套用相应归各自u，其人工乘以系数2.5。另：空气幕送风管制作安装，按矩形风管断面平均
6、周长套用相应风管规格子目，其人工乘以系数3.0，其余不变。2、风管弯头导流片按叶片图示面积以计量。不分单叶片或香蕉形双叶片，均使用同一子目。3、帆布接头或人造革软管接头按接头长度以展开面积计算，以计量。4、风管检查孔制作与安装以kg计量。可查通风分册附录国标通风部件标准质量表。5、温度和风量测定孔以个计量。6、风道以砖、石、砼、木、石膏板等制作、安装的通风管道，称为风道。按土建预算定额有关分部定额执行。(二)风管管件(配件)展开面积计算公式风管管件在风管系统中的形状及组合情况如下图所示。各种风管管件展开面积的计算：1、圆形、矩形直管风管2、圆形异径管、矩形异径管(大小头)3、圆形管、矩形管弯头
7、4、圆形管三通(裤衩管)圆管加弯三通5、矩形管三通6、天圆地方(三)风管风管部件阀类制作安装工程量部件制作安装工程量按质量计算(kg)，其质量查阅标准图集或通风空调分册附录国标通风部件标准质量表计算。(四)风管部件风口制作与安装工程量通风用风口除钢百叶窗按计算外，其余风口制作均按质量(kg)计算。(五)风管部件风帽制作安装工程量风帽制作以质量计算工程量，安装以个计量。(六)风管部件罩类制作安装工程量制作按质量，安装按个计量。(七)风管部件消声器制作与安装工程量消声器制作安装均以质量计量。除此之外，还有空调部件及设备支架制作安装、通风机安装、除尘器安装等。详见教材P211214。例1：根据下列工
8、程所给条件，立项算量。例2：根据下列工程所给条件，立项算量。例3：根据下列工程所给条件，立项算量。例4：根据下列工程所给条件，立项算量。例5：某恒温空调工程组成如下，根据所给条件，立项算量。例6：某恒温空调工程组成如下，根据所给条件，立项算量。例7：某空调工程组成如下，根据所给条件，立项算量。例8：某通风工程部分管道组成如下，要求立项算量。例9：某房间通风空调组成如下，要求立项算量。Employment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.You may need to make a claim to
9、 an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seeDismissal.You can make a claim to an employment tr
10、ibunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employmen
11、t tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed und
12、erFurther help.Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment
13、 tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther help.If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as adamages-based
14、 agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.If you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement, you should make sure youre clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experi
15、enced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeEmployment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb,
16、 the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he fe
17、lt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation int
18、o the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the
19、appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel
20、something, do it.一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子；或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己自己似乎应该去做点什么，或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些事情，非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？During my childhood, think lucky money and new clo
21、thes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt re
22、ally grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profuse
23、ly, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年时，觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备，但是随着年龄的推进，会越来越发现，那些东西根本就可有可无；初中时，以为要有一场暗恋才意味着真正的成长，但三年过去后，自己心平气和的写同学录的时候，突然就发现是不是真正的成长了，好像并没有那么重要了；然后到了高中，觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点，但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的
24、球场，看着他投过篮球的球框时，突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来，这个世界上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。A persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his
25、. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a
26、 self-righteous spiritual.一个人的时候，自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很多错过，好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue pla
27、id shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫；那些被折成
28、各种各样形状的信纸；那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊；还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cl
29、oud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airli
30、ners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would ass
31、ume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool
32、. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth.
33、 But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of aroun
34、d 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).cause there
