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1、专业外文资料翻译题 目： Building Structure and Construction Process（专业外文资料原文）Building Structure and Construction ProcessThis paper examines some of the structural aspects of the City of Melbournes new green building, Council House 2 (CH2) as well as the selection of materials and the role of the builder during
2、 the construction process.In order to gain a six star rating under the Green Building Council of Australias (GBCA) new Green Star rating system, many innovative design initiatives were incorporated into the building. The paper begins by outlining some of the key design features of CH2 followed by a
3、description of the integrated design process and how this facilitated innovative structural and design decisions. The team approach during design development continued through into the construction phase. Despite its many unusual design elements, the procurement and construction process for CH2 was
4、relatively conventional. This process contrasts with another recent green office building project in Melbourne, and it is argued that the new Green Star rating system and specification provides builders a more systematic basis for decision making around ecologically sustainable development (ESD) iss
5、ues. Issues relating to the construction process, such as structural rationale, materials selection, procurement methods and on-site construction practices are also discussed in this paper. A. Central city location of CH2B. Site at start of constructionC. Site excavation August 2004 February 2004Fig
6、ure 1: Location of building and tightly constrained work site.Construction Overview Hansen Yuncken started construction of the 10-storey $51 million CH2 building in early 2004. The 1,316 m construction site was only accessible from city laneways. The concrete structure was a relatively conventional
7、in situ construction except for the use of precast undulating concrete ceiling panels. Two rows of concrete columns are located at 8200 centres just inside the north and south facades with a further row of columns offset from the centre of the floor plate. The proportions of the site dictated a deep
8、 space floor plate, which presented design challenges in terms of lighting and ventilation. The undulating ceiling resolved difficulties arising from the 22 m building depth by providing enough space for air distribution ducts, while still allowing a maximum ceiling height so light could penetrate d
9、eep into office spaces. Other difficulties relate to the challenge of effectively ventilating deep open office space, especially when considering natural ventilation for thermal mass cooling. This was, however, resolved with the installation of a mechanical daytime ventilation system using underfloo
10、r swirl diffusers inlets and ceiling mounted air extraction points to provide effective distribution of air, while minimising mixing across the floor-plate. Car parking is provided on the basement level. The car park has a level floor, rather than ramped, allowing for future conversion to other uses
11、.A. Car park access link to adjacent buildingB. First floor under constructionC. First floor formwork October 2004 September 2004 November 2004Figure 2: Below ground and first level construction activities. Integrated Design ProcessThe design process of most commercial buildings is complex, requirin
12、g collaboration with a range of consultants. The conceptual design for CH2 was developed by an integrated design team during a two-week intensive workshop or charrette in January 2002. Intense cooperation early in the design process is unusual and, in the case of CH2, this enabled innovative decisio
13、ns to be made with a degree of certainty in terms of constructability and cost. Most publications outlining recent international exemplars of sustainable architecture do not mention the importance of the architect working collaboratively with the client and consultants from early in design stage. On
14、e notable exception is Kibert (2005) who mentions the charrette as an emerging design process and gives guidelines for the successful integration of a high performing team. A. Foam supports for deliveryB. North end panel, note square C. North end panel penetration for ventilation exhaust (refer figu
15、re 4 B)D. Ceiling panel with supportsE. Placing central panelF. Positioning reinforcing steel and services. Green pipes are for cooling water supply for radiant chilled ceiling panelsFigure 3: On-site insertion of a precast concrete undulating beam ceiling panel A. Apex of curve with structural supp
16、ortB. Covered chilled ceiling panels C. Positioning tile pattern and electrical services on raised floor Figure 4: Internal view of undulating ceilings during construction Type of Contract The type of construction contract has a significant impact on the success of developing and implementing a gree
17、n building design. The issue of risk influenced the procurement choice for CH2, with project director for the City of Melbourne, Rob Adams, saying:“I think if you look at the process of procuring the building it is very traditional it is full documentation, guaranteed bill of quantities, the stuff t
18、hat people used to do 10-15 years ago. I have a great belief that it is at the front of the project where you need to do the work. Our industry has moved away from this approach and although they have cut down on consultants fees and save two to three per cent, they then wonder why it blows out at t
19、he other end by 10 or 20 per cent. I think its poor economics. Right from the start weve said were a Government organisation and were going to be audited throughout this project, everyones going to be looking over our shoulders, so lets just do it properly”As a risk management strategy, the builder,
20、 Hansen Yuncken, confirmed as many contracts as possible early in the construction process. In contrast to other construction firms, Hansen Yuncken only employed a small core team. During construction, the company continued to research and advise the client on the availability and cost of some of th
21、e more unusual or innovative provisional elements of the design. For example, it was a challenge to find provisional items such as timber windows and rotating timber shutters that satisfied ESD, performance and cost criteria, and could also be delivered in a timely manner. Sourcing Materials During
22、the time the project was tendered and construction began, some issues were experienced relating to sourcing materials and changing costs. Some materials had become difficult to source, others had become more expensive. The cost of steel from China, for example, doubled. Recycled timber was easy to s
23、ource but it was more expensive than new timber and its density meant extra cutting costs due to the need to replace blades. Issues to do with the use of PVC, recycled steel and cement replacement with fly-ash are also described in the paper. In addition, Hansen Yuncken faced a dilemma when comparin
24、g overseas materials against local materials. Often the overseas product was less expensive but no accepted method exists to factor in the cost of extra embodied energy resulting from long distance transport.Construction SiteGiven its innovative design, the construction of CH2 was relatively straigh
25、tforward. Hansen Yuncken carefully selected subcontractors and many had worked with the company before. There was also a lot of goodwill for the project from the contractors, with the larger firms keen to be involved to boost their green building skills and credentials. A key sustainability issue du
26、ring the construction phase was waste recycling. A simple strategy was developed as part of Hansen Yunckens Environmental Management Plan. A waste contractor provided one bin onsite for waste and then sorted the residual material offsite with a recycling success rate of around 80 per cent. The remai
27、ning 20 per cent was committed to landfill. The cost of transport and sorting of waste were carried by the recycler and recouped through the sale of recyclable materials. For this reason, site induction on waste procedures was relatively straightforward. All building waste went into one bin while do
28、mestic waste was sorted in the same way as for homeowners. A. South-west view, July 2005 B. North faade view, July 2005 C. South faade view, August 2005（专业外文资料译文）建筑结构和建筑过程这篇论文论证了墨尔本这个城市的新型绿色建筑和普通住宅的一些结构方面的命题，和材料的选用及在建设过程中施工员应该遵守的规则。为了在澳大利亚绿色建筑理事会最新的环保星级排名系统中获得六星的名次，很多革命性设计理念都融入到建筑当中。这篇论文始于大致讲述一些公民建筑
29、的关键设计元素，然后是综合设计过程的描述及这些如何推动革命性建筑和设计的发展，设计发展中得团队工作模式继续从头至尾的贯彻到建设阶段，尽管有许多不寻常的设计元素，采购和公民建筑的建设过程还是相当常见的，把这些工程项目和其他一些墨尔本地区最新的环保办公楼工程相比较，有人主张这个新德环保星级评定系统和规范为施工员提供了一个设计生态化和持续化发展的更加系统的原则。命题和建设过程有关，例如结构基本原理，材料选用，采购方式和内陆建设实践都在这篇论文中被讨论。A市中心公民建筑的选址 B.建设初期的场地选址 C.场地挖掘命题一：建筑的位置和严格限制的工作地点。建设概观汉森公司在2004年开始建设耗资5100万
30、美元的10层建筑，这个占地1316平方米的建筑地址只能通过城市巷道到达，混凝土结构在现浇构造中相当的常见，除了预制波形混凝土顶棚镶板，两排混凝土柱位于中心，在北立面和南立面之外有更多的柱偏移在中心楼板之外。这个地点的大小产生了一个楼面板的外层空间，在照明和通风方面造成了一个设计上的挑战，波形的天花板提供的足够的通风管道空间解决了22米建筑深度引起的困难，并且依然有个最大波形高度允许管线能照射到办公室空间。其他的跟开放式办公空间的通风有效性有关的困难，特别是当考虑使热质量冷却的自然通风，这些问题靠安装一个使用楼板下的漩涡扩散器和安装了空气抽取点的天花板的机械日间通风系统来提供有效的空气分配。汽车
31、的停放被安排在地下层，停车场是一个水平层而不是倾斜的，允许以后做其他用途的转换可能。待添加的隐藏文字内容1A.和相邻建筑相关的停车场入口 B.地下一层建筑 C.一层模板工程命题二：地下和地上一层建设活动综合设计过程大多数商业建筑的设计过程是复杂的，需要一系列的咨询公司的合作。公民建筑的概念设计是靠设计团队经过两个星期高强度的研讨或者“研讨会”来实现，早期设计过程中得密切合作是不寻常的，并且，对于公民建筑，这些过程确保了革命性的决定是建立在一系列对施工能力和造价的确定性基础上。许多出版物概括了最近的国际性可持续性建筑模板，但是没有提到建筑师与客户和咨询公司在早期设计阶段的密切合作的重要性。一个值
32、得注意的例外是KIBERT，他提到了研讨会作为一个新兴的设计过程，为一个设计团队的成功融合提供了一个指导方针。命题三：现场预制波形梁和顶棚镶板的嵌入。A.弧线顶点的结构支撑 B.被覆盖的冷硬了的顶棚镶板和电力服务系统 C.活地板的瓷砖定位模式 命题四：国内对建筑结构中波形天花板的看法这种形式的结构构造在环保建筑的发展和实施的成功中具有意义重大的影响。风险问题也影响了公民建筑的采购选择。墨尔本城市设计项目的工程总管，ROB ADAMS说：“我认为如果我们着眼于建筑的建设过程那是非常传统的.全套的文件，保证工程量清单，那些人们曾经做了10到15年的工作。我非常详细当我们需要这么做的地方，它永远都是
33、在工程的最开始阶段，我们的产业已经从这个过程中北剔除了，i使他们剔除了咨询费用，节省了2%-3%，人们会在之后发现它在其他的地方膨胀了10%-20%，我认为这是失效的劣等的经济，在工程最开始的时候我们说我们政府机构并且我们会在整个工程的建设中参与并监督，每个人都会来监督我们，所以我们正确的做就行了。”作为一个风险管理策略师，施工员hansen yuncken在前期建设过程中尽可能多的确认合同，和其他建筑公司对比，hansen仅仅雇佣了一个小核心团队，在建设阶段，公司继续研究并且给客户在可行性和一些更不寻常的或者革命性的临时设计元素的费用上的建议，找出类似木窗，旋木百叶窗这类的临时构件，使他们满
34、足ESD，外观和费用标准是一项挑战，并且能够以及时的方式递送。采购材料在项目投标和建设开始的阶段，一些关于材料采购和费用变换的问题已经经过了测试，一些材料的采购变得很困难，其他的变得昂贵，例如，中国的钢材的价格就翻倍了。可回收的木材很容易采购到，但是它比新木材更昂贵并且它的密度意味着因为需要更换削木所需的刀片而多出来的开销，在这篇论文中也说明了PVC，可回收钢材和水泥中浮尘的消耗等问题，另外，在hansen比较海外进口材料和当地材料的时候他处于进退两难的处境，通常进口产品便宜但是无法均衡由于长距离运输造成的内含能的损耗。建筑地点考虑到创新设计，公民建筑的建设还是相当的简单，Hansen仔细的选择了分承包方并且他们很多都跟公司以前有过合作，承包方可以在项目中获得很好的商誉，许多大公司渴望参与到项目中来提高他们环保建筑的施工技巧和信誉度，在建设阶段的一个关键可持续问题是废物的回收利用，在Hansen的环境管理计划中一个简单的策略就产生了，一个废物回收承包商在建筑场地上提供一个回收废物的箱子，然后在场地外把剩余的垃圾分类，回收成功率大约有80%，剩下的20%则交给了垃圾填埋地。垃圾运输及分类产生的费用由垃圾承包方支出并且在出售可回收材料所得的利润中扣除，由于这个原因，选址在垃圾回收程序中也是相当简单的。所有的垃圾都被丢到一个大箱子中，对于业主，所有家类的垃圾也以同样的方式被分类。
