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1、AP World Review,The morning ofMay 17,2007,Who takes the test,21,000+students took the test in 2002.This was the most popular first-year exam in the AP Programs history.10%517%429%325%219%1,2004 scores54.9%made 3 or higher,Test Format,Exam last 3 Hours and 5 Minutes55 Minutes for 70 Multiple Choice Q
2、uestionsBreak50 Minutes for Document Based Question(10 minutes for Reading and Evaluating Documents)40 Minutes for Change Over Time Essay40 Minutes for Comparative Essay Question,Grading,70 Multiple Choice Questions=1/2 ScoreDocument Based Question=16.66%of ScoreChange Over Time Essay=16.66%of Score
3、Comparative Essay=16.66%of ScoreEssays Graded on Scale of 0 to 9,What do the questions look like,The questions fall into 6 basic categories,which are as follows:Identification(35-40%of the test)-simply test whether you know a fact,or facts.Analytical(20-25%of the test)-makes you think about relation
4、ships,see connections,place in order.Quotation Based(10%or less of the test)-match the quote with the appropriate person.,Image Interpretation(10%or less of the test)-determine images relevance,purpose,or meaning.Map Based Questions(10%or less of the test)-identify what a map shows,or interpret its
5、purpose.Graph&Chart Interpretation(10%or less of the test)-interpret answer from data given in chart form.,Six Themes,1.The impact of interaction among major societies.Such as Trade,International Exchange,War,and Diplomacy2.The Relationship of Change and Continuity across the periods of World Histor
6、y3.Impact of Technology and Demography on People and the Environment;Including Population change,Manufacturing,Agriculture,etc.,Six Themes,4.Systems of Organization and Gender Structure5.Cultural and Intellectual Development and Interactions among Societies6.Change over time in functions and structu
7、res of Political States,Time Frames,Prehistory to 600 C.E:19-20%of Questions600 C.E-1450 C.E:22%of Questions1450 C.E-1750 C.E:19-20%of Questions1750 C.E-1914 C.E:19-20%of Questions1914-Present:19-20%of Questions,Bookends of Foundation Period8000 BCE 600 CE,8000 BCE marks the Neolithic civilization a
8、nd the development of four river valley civilizations600 CE marks the time which classical empires fall,Building Blocks of Civilization,What is a Civilization?Economic SystemPolitical OrganizationMoral Code(Religion)Written Language and Intellectual TraditionDivision of labor,PreHistory History,Pres
9、ence of a written languageWriting is essential for record keeping,bureaucracy,commerce,and accumulating knowledge;it makes possible more varied cultural forms.Writing also led to new social divisions based on selective literacy.ScribesScholarly gentryDark AgeArt of writing has developed and been los
10、t,Environmental determinism,Relationship between culture of a civilization,success and stabilityHow does the culture react to the environment or environmental changeTechnologyMovement of peoples into and out of the areaCrossroads vs.isolation,River Valley Civilizations,ChinaYellow River valleyShang
11、China:first dynastyDevelop in isolation w/minimal contact with India and Middle East,River Valley Civilizations,ChinaBecame the subject of many legends in later Chinese historyMonarchyBronze work,silk making,pottery,jade,elaborate intellectual life,writing,interest in science and technology,Politica
12、l structure tied to social order and culture by Confucianism,Confucianism emphasized order,hierarchy,and deference,including specific injunctions to obey the emperor.Bureaucracy aimed to alleviate political instability,difficulties of centrally controlling outlying provinces,and related competition
13、among landed aristocrats for power and influence.,Classical Civilizations and great empires,MesoamericanAndeanHanGupta,Change from River Valleys to Classical Civs,1000 BCELocationChina,India,Mediterranean WorldNew/renewed civs that were durableLeft the most substantial impacts and legaciesSet in mot
14、ion key values and institutions that extend well beyond the classical periodAll 3 built on achievements of the River valley civs.,Classical civs not a continuation of ancient river valleysChange political centersImprove technologyEst.More elaborate philosophical and religious traditionsExpand scienc
15、e and mathSet up methods for territorial expansion and embraced a diverse group of peopleIntegrated aspects of their institutions and traditionsEach civ operated separately despite contacts with each otherGreece/IndiaAlexander the GreatRome/ChinaSilk Road,Mesoamerica,Mesoamerica,The area from north
16、central Mexico to NicaraguaBeginning about 5,000 BCE,domesticated certain plants beans,peppers,avocados,and squash.Maize dominated the diet of these agricultural peoplesLater innovations such as pottery took place around 2000 BCE.,Mesoamerica,When Shang dynasty ruled in China,permanent sedentary vil
17、lages based on some agriculture appeared.There were small,modest settlements without much hierarchy or social differentiation and a lack of craft specialization.Numbers of villages rose proliferated and population densities rose.,Olmec,Olmec,1400 BCE to 500 BCESuddenly appearedThey had irrigated agr
18、iculture,impressive drainage systems,monumental sculpture,urbanism and beginnings of calendar and writing systems(carved inscriptions).,Olmec,Giant stone heads were found in ruins.No one knows how the 40-ton sculptures were moved from the quarries without wheeled vehicles or draft animals.All of the
19、se attest to a high degree of social organization and artistic skill.Called the Mother Civilization of Mesoamerica,Olmec,Olmec,They provided the basis of a state ruled by a hereditary elite in which the ceremonialism of a complex religious dominated life.Powerful class of priests and aristocrats sto
20、od at top of societyMost important tradition of priestly leadership and religious devotion that became a basic part of later Middle American civilization.Did not build true cities built ceremonial centers made of pyramid shaped temples and other buildings,Olmec,People came for nearby farming village
21、s to work on the temples or attend religious ceremoniesThrough trade,Olmec influence spread over a wide areaGreat carvers of jade and traded or conquered to get it.,Olmec,Know one knows what happened to cause their decline mystery.Some scholars think they are ancestors to the great Maya civilization
22、s that followed.,Andean World,From the coast to the Andes MountainsPotatoes and maize grown;grazing for llamas and alpacas,Chavin,Chavin,850 BCE built a huge temple complex stone carving and pottery show the Chavin people worshipped a god that was a part jaguar and part human with grinning catlike f
23、eaturesArtisans worked in ceramics,textiles,and gold characterized.Used animals as decorations,often along scenes of war and violence.,Chavin,Some similarities with Olmecs(possible Amazonian lowland origin for both)Warfare seems to indicate a general process with the development of agriculture and a
24、 limited amount of arable land,it becomes necessary to organize irrigation and create political authority and eventually states that could mobilize to protect or expand the available land.Influenced later peoples of Peru,Chavin,By 300 BCE Chavin in declineAndean world became characterized by regiona
25、l centers without political unity but great art.Wide variety of crops,domestication of the llama and related animals,dense populations,and hierarchal societies could be found in many places.,Nazca,Nazca,WeaversGreat figures of various animals,which cover 100s of feet and can be seen only from the ai
26、rAlso great straight lines or paths that cut across plains and seem to go towards mountains or celestial points no one know why they were drawn,Mochica,Mochica,Skilled farmers developing terracing,irrigation,and fertilization of the soilLeaders built roads and organized networks of relay runners to
27、carry messagesTo build one temple had to produce 130 million bricksTextile,goldworking,woodcarvingPotters decorated with scenes of everyday life including battle,music,and textile produced on small looms.,Mochica,Mochica,Mochica,Han Dynasty,Han Dynasty,Strongest and longest dynastyExpansionist Empir
28、ePostal systemRoads Defensive fortificationsWeak Leadership caused collapseCorruption and leadership issuesHad to protect the expanding borders some that encouraged trade along the silk roadSilk road brought“bandits”that threatened the outer borders of the Han dynasty,Silk Road,Han Decline,100 CENom
29、adic tribes topple Han ChinaCentral government control diminished and corrupt bureaucracyLocal landlords took up the slack by ruling their own neighborhoodsPeople heavily taxed Increased social unrest,Han Decline,Daoist revolutionary effort 184 CE“Yellow Turbans”promised a golden age that would come
30、 via divine magic30,000 students demonstrated against decline of government moralityFailed BUT decline continued into civil war.,Factors of the Han Decline,Political ineffectivenessSpread of devastating epidemic-killed of population leading to three centuries of chaos,India,AryansNomadic Group“invad
31、ed”IndiaEarliest EuropeansConquered the Dravidians(Dark Skinned Indians)Established Warrior AristocracyEstablished SanskritVedic Era and Early Hindu faithDont forget about the Caste System!,Mauryan Empire,India Continued,Based on regionalismOpen to influences from the west600BCE 16 major regional st
32、ates all with different types of govt.Mauryan empire 322BCEBegan by Chandragupta Maurya1st dynasty to unite most of the Indian subcontinentAshoka:famous EmperorExtended control to Southern tip of IndiaConverted to BuddhismCollapsed from outside attacksLaws of ManuEmpire falls due to lack of durable
33、roots,Gupta Empire,Gupta Empire,320 CEGreatest period of political stabilityNegotiated with local princes,intermarry with their families and expand influence w/o constant fighting,Gupta Empire,Created a demanding taxation systemNo bureaucracy and allowed regional leaders to maintain controlThere was
34、 a Gupta rep.at each local princes court to ensure loyaltyPromoted SanskritUniform law codes“Golden Age”,Gupta Empire Political Culture,Not elaborateRegionalBuddhism provides ethnic codeTightly knit villagesCaste system provided a way for conquered and conquerors to live togetherCaste system limited
35、 political development b/c of strict social rules loyalty to caste above all,Decline of Gupta Empire,Between 200 and 600 BCE suffered outside invasionsGupta overthrown by Huns b/c hadnt solved tendency to dissolve into political fragmentationEmperors having trouble controlling local princes since 5t
36、h century,Gupta Decline,N.India affected by constant nomadic invasionsEventually push further into central India destroying the empireNomads became integrated into the warrior caste and regional control resumed,Societal comparison,Chinas society featured less rigid structure,slightly more opportunit
37、y for mobility although there was some mobility within castesdifferent rules and cultural enforcementsLaw of Manu vrs.Confucianismdifferent regard for merchants and specific contrasts in the definition and function of mean people versus untouchables.Dharma encouraged merchants in GuptaMerchants brou
38、ght outside cultures and were not socially accepted,Environmental Determinism,India was more open to contact and invasion and less internally coherent(interior mountains etc),which helps explain the differences in openness to influence,and political stabilityIndia absorbed other cultures while China
39、 remains ethnically homogeneous(90%of all Chinese trace their ancestry back to the Han dynasty),Post Classical&Middle Ages600-1450,AmericasEast to WestMongoliansConnections,The Bookends,600-great classical empires have fallen.632-Coming of Islam1000-trade increases both by land and sea.1450-Fall of
40、Constantinople and decline of Silk roads1450-Europe looks westward toward the Atlantic,Incas,Incas,Peru1400s-1535,Inca Government,Government emperor is the Inca god-king owned all the land,herds,mines,and peopleNobles ruled the provinces along with local chieftains whom the Inca had conqueredBelow t
41、hem officials carried out taxes and laws,Inca,Own language and religionGreat road system-12,000 miles,bridges,steps(more impressive than Romes)It moved armies and news using relay runners to carry messages Kept soldiers at outposts to crush rebels,Inca capital,Cuzco-CapitalTemple of the Sun(no morta
42、r,survived earthquakes)is there,Inca Daily Life,Farming-terraces;government took possession of harvests and divided itMetalworkingMedical advances antiseptics and anesthesiaReligion polytheistic linked to nature;religion tied to daily life Inti Chief god-Sun god,Maya,Maya,Influenced by the OlmecYuca
43、tan in Mexico through much of Central America600-900,Maya,Farming cleared rainforest and built raised fields and channels to drain excess water;grew corn and other cropsTemples and palaces-Very tall;used for sacrifices to gods;carvings recorded history,Maya,Social classes each city had own ruling ch
44、iefNobles military and officials(collected taxes,enforced laws)Women occasionally governed on own or in name of sonPriests great power only they could conduct religious ceremoniesFarmers corn,beans,squash,fruit,cotton,flowers;paid taxes in food and helped build temples,Maya,Hieroglyphic writing styl
45、e scribesExpert mathematicians and astronomers365-day calendarNumbering system and understood concept of zero,Maya decline,Around 900 CE,abandoned cities to be swallowed up by junglesWhy?Possibly warfare,overpopulation led to soil exhaustion,revolts,Aztecs,Aztecs,Toltecs 1000 1200 In 1200s,band of n
46、omadic people(the ancestors to the Aztecs)migrated into the Valley of Mexico from the north and destroyed ToltecsSettled at Lake Texcoco due to legend(eagle on a cactus with a snake in beak)Aztecs 1200s-1521,Aztecs,Aztecs,Shifted from hunting to farming and built Tenochititlan(Mexico City)used milit
47、ary and ideological force to dominate a large part of ancient Mexico actually multiethnic The Aztecs had a highly centralized,tribute state based on the extraction of labor and goods from conquered populations,Aztecs continue the culture of the classical Mesoamerican civilization and the ToltecsTolt
48、ecs considered givers of civilizationshared same languageuse of human sacrificeestablishment of empire centered on central Mexicomilitarism of societyconcept of nobility tied to Toltec lineage initiallyuse of city-state organizationtemple complexes associated with state;many deities of pantheon of g
49、ods tribute based on sedentary agricultural systemcyclical view of history and calendar system,Aztec,Farming built chinampas artificial islands that are anchored to the lake bed.Floating gardens-corn,squash,and beansFilled in parts of lake and made canals for transportation,Tenochtitlan,Urban commer
50、cial centerCentral zone of palaces and temples surrounded by residential districts,smaller palaces,and marketsHeart of the empire and drew tribute and support from allies and dependants,Aztecs,1400s,greatly expanded territory through war and alliancesBy 1500 30 million people,Aztec Government,Single
