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1、Welcome,写作课程内容介绍,词汇,句子,段落,篇章,短文写作,温馨提示：希望同学们不仅为学分，更为打下写作基本功、掌握写作要领而上好课。所有任课教师承若：一定尽力备好课上好课，让同学们收益。,写作选修课旨在抛砖引玉，以 期通过方法的介绍帮助同学们提高学习效率，提高写作水平。,1词汇与写作（导言）1.1.词汇的重要性为什么写作课要讲词 汇学习 1.2写作与高频词 2 词汇的学习 2.1 音、形、义 2.2词的分类及其功能 2.3 词块（词的搭配）2.4 写作常用词组短语 2.5 小结,3写作词汇选择的标准 3.1准确性 3.2 具体性 3.3 简洁性 3.4 得体性 3.5 形象性 3.6
2、 多样性,4写作中词汇高分应用 4.1 多实少虚原则 4.2 正式词汇短语 4.3 用词多样性原则 4.4 标新立异（上义词&下义词 反义词&近义词、词性 互换）,5单词记忆 5.1 强化记忆 5.2 发音特点 5.3超级联想记忆法 5.4形近对照法 5.5构词法 5.6 优化词汇的记忆：点线网模式 6小结,1.1.为什么写作课要讲 词汇学习,When we are baby,our parents can teach we reading,so,reading is very important,but reading selectively or extensively?Different
3、 people have different news.Some peoples think reading need selectively,knowledge is too large,we cant read all,so,we can read interesting books,can help ourself books,it can good use time and increase knowledge.,1.词汇与写作,在英语写作方面，学生的作文较为普遍的问题表现为内容贫乏、句型单调、用词过于简单、平淡、用词面窄等；或更为严重的是词不达意，搭配不当、贴切性等以及中式表达等问题
4、，这些都与词汇的学习有直接的联系。,词汇是语言体系中结构和意义的统一体，是语言的主要的基本单位。没有建筑材料就不能盖房子，同样，没有词汇的交际也是不可想象的。我国英语学习者，尤其是大学英语学习者，虽然非常重视英语词汇学习，但词汇一直是他们的难项和弱项。,词汇的重要性,困惑：平时花大量时间背诵单词，然而待到动笔之时，能“派上用场”者却寥寥无几，即便用上若干，对其正确性仍旧缺乏信心。没少下功夫却换来这样一个结果，着实让学习者产生强烈的挫败感。,讨论：,讨论：,一，造成这种后果的原因何在？,二，如何通过词汇层面的学习，将这个问题解决掉。,A student learning to write sho
5、uld learn to use the words that are most useful and most often used to express himself.-high frequency words,1.2 写作与高频词,2.词汇学习:,音,形,义,2.1音形义,look,他在看电影,她在看黑板,He is looking film.,He is looking the blackboard.,看,2.2 词性和功能,1）10大词性学习词性的目的：由于不同的词类在句子中充当不同的功能，因此了解了词性可更好地掌握所学单词在句子中正确用法。英语的10大词性可以分为实词：名词，动词
6、，形容词、副词、代词，数词；虚词：冠词、介词，连词，感叹词2）词的功能（复习）,look,V.,predicate,He look the book and shook his head.He began to look a new job immediately after he was fired.The child lifted his head to look me.There seems to be an electrical problem.Ill get someone to look it.,Practice:,look,the act of directing the eye
7、s toward something and perceiving it visually;,同义词 v.seem appear gaze,observe watch examine inspect focus on stare Investigate glance,survey,n.glance,glimpse,peek,peep;appearance,V+pre.+nLook atLook intoLook forLook up.,see,perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight;,v.+n.see doctor se
8、e film see movie see worldsee future see reason see problem,同义词v.perceive observe understand meet visit find out imagine picture make sure,解决：如何利用词汇学习提高英语写作水平,词块搭配学习法 即把单个词汇扩展到更大单位，即短语的学习方法，从而帮助学习者掌握新学词汇使用的场景，以及前后的搭配情况，使得语言的学习更为模块化，并最终促进学习者综合运用词汇能力的提高。,英语的语言交际并非仅仅通过单词的使用来实现,自然话语中的90%是由“词块”（chunks)”来
9、实现的。包括：短语动词、复合词、固定搭配、成语、惯用语等相对固定的组合，短语框架和句子框架。,2.3 词块的学习,gain/obtain/access to/derive knowledge from;,增长知识：expand/increase/broaden/develop/enhance;传播知识：pass/impart/spread 渴求知识：hungry for/thirsty for knowledge,Acquire knowledge,学知识：,“词汇搭配学习法”提高写作能力的原理在于，通过掌握更大的语言单位，提高学习者综合运用词汇的能力，从而提高学习者遣词造句的能力。,Prac
10、tice:,下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结,When we use the word love,we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex,which is a very narrow definition of the word.Love is emotional strength,which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes.In fact,throughout
11、history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions.,As an example of the power of love,we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year.Although their incomes are still lo
12、w by international standards,people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can be it money or goods to help their needy fellow citizens.Moreover,they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.,In my opinion,the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortuna
13、te than we are.We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble,no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers.In this way,we can help to make the world a better place,for the darker the shadows of sorrow become,the more brightly the lamp of love shines.,
14、文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：emotional strength 情感的力量the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感no thought of gain不计得失the lamp of love爱心之灯help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者donate whatever they can倾囊相助help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手.,Two responsibilities o
15、f education,The true test of a nation is not the size of its production or the number of its automobiles.The true test must only be the kind of persons it produces.Every educational system has two responsibilities.First,it must help to prepare for a career.This requires training and a degree of spec
16、ialization,which will enable its citizens to perform the tasks required by various occupations.A musician must understand music;a carpenter must be skilled in carpentry;a teacher must be able to teach and to motivate students;a mailman must know how to deliver mail;a good educational system will tra
17、in persons and encourage them in the pursuit of excellence in whatever trade they choose to follow.,Assignment:,There is another responsibility of our educational system,in addition to preparing our citizens to earn a livelihood.Another goal must be to cultivate decent,compassionate human beings who
18、 can accept change gracefully and who are not filled with greed or envy,persons who have a sense of justice tempered by mercy,persons who have great respect for nature as well as for mankind,persons who want to enrich the world.This seems very general and,of course,the development of such persons is
19、 dependent upon a variety of influences including parental care,friend help,financial condition,perhaps genetics,and many accidental happenings.It also raises the question of how our educational system can contribute to producing citizens who will lead more creative,thoughtful and humane lives.,2.4写
20、作常用词组短语,经济的快速发展 人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长 先进的科学技术,the rapid development of economy,the remarkable improvement/steady growth of peoples living standard,advanced science and technology,人们普遍认为 社会发展的必然结果 引起了广泛的公众关注,It is commonly believed/recognized that/,the inevitable result of social development,arouse wide p
21、ublic concern/draw public attention,it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that,对产生有利/不利的影响 利远远大于弊 导致，引起 实现梦想,have/exert a profound influence on/a dramatic/undesirable positive/negative effects on,the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.,lead to/give rise to/contribute to/result in,realiz
22、e ones dream/make ones dream come true,开阔眼界 学习知识和技能 经济/心理负担 考虑到诸多因素 从另一个角度,widen ones horizon/broaden ones vision,acquire knowledge and skills,financial burden/psychological burden,take many factors into account/consideration,from another perspective,采取措施：take effective steps/measures to控制我们的环境：take
23、/gain increasing control over our own environment满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of补偿损失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage解释某现象：account for/explain the phenomenon对很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of，have a new perspective（观点）on，provide/gain an insight into把某因素考虑进去：take
24、 sth.into account（consideration），give much thought to.,要熟记！,2.5 词汇学习小结:,音,形,义,运用,词性,功能,搭配,常用词句,3.写作选词标准,准确性，就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式。,误 He won his opponents and defeated the election.正 He defeated his opponents and won the election.,分析:win和defeat 都有”战胜、赢”之意,但的win的宾语为事情(如match,battle,elec-tion等),defeat 的宾语
25、为人(如enemy,opponent,team等)。,3.1 准确性,注意：1）区分同义词的用法,比如large和big都指“大”，但large通常用来修饰诸如number，amount及quantity（alarge nunlber ofstudents，alargeamountofmoney，alargequantityofwine，etc）。但象“勇气”，“信心”，”能力”、“智慧”等表示个人素质的名词，人们通常用great而不用big或large来修饰。,We should use our natural resources in an economic way.We should u
26、se our natural resources in an economical way.,They lost no time in escaping the burning hotel.They lost no time in fleeing the burning hotel.,tough一词在下面不同的搭配里，含义都有所不同。She was having a tough time with that difficult task.(艰难的时刻)He is known as a tough teacher.(严厉的老师)My boss is a tough man to convince
27、.(顽固的人)The competition is really tough.(激烈的)Cooperating with him is a tough matter.(棘手的),3.1 准确性,注意：2）词的多义性,注意词语的两种意义：“基本意义”(denotation)和“引申意义”(connotation)前者指该词语的本身，或客观的固有含义，后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义，往往比较含蓄，带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思，如顾客问营业员：“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价
28、钱便宜一点的，当然并不是说质量可以不好，但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思，这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。,I was born in a city.,(general),(specific),I was born in Beijing,The food is very good,The food is very delicious/yummy,tasty,delicious,nourishing,rich,wholesome,fresh,appetizing,abundant.,3.2具体性,在英文作文里巧妙使用总括词可以使文章简洁明快
29、,言简意赅,因为它们有着较强的概括力。但是只能在适当在时候选用且不可多用,因为它们往往给人以空泛的感觉。大多数时候都应选用细目词,这才富于表达力,给人确切的概念,从而体现出具体性。,The teacher is good.The student is good.The movie is good.The essay is good.The reason is good.,/gd/,Practice:from general to specific,Each group writes 4 synonyms,Synonyms for“good”,outstanding excellent fant
30、astic marvellous great grand incredible amazingyummy,admirable,commendable,competent,complimentary,decent,desirable,ethical,expert,exquisite,fabulous,fair,favorable,fine,gifted,gracious,just,justifiable,justified,kind,kindly,likable,nice,noble,pleasing,positive,prosperous,pure,reliable,reputable,res
31、pectable,respected,righteous,rightful,satisfactory,skilled,solid,straight,suitable,superb,valid,well behaved,well done,worthwhile,Learning an synonym/antonym for each new word can help you increase your vocabulary,We are learning something at school.With money,we can buy something.Students do many i
32、nteresting things after classes(2 minutes),Practice:from general to specific,.,Every morning and afternoon the sports fields are alive with energetic students.Football and basketball matches,volleyball,and badminton,track-training and gymnastics are all in full swing.Even the alleyways under the tre
33、es and around the flower beds provide enough space for enthusiasts to practise.Through the windows comes the pitter-patter of ping-pong balls,the sound of songs and music,or laughter and discussion.,How old is old?,When you hear the sentence:“He is old.”what age comes to your mind?,Specific：In sprin
34、g there is often a very strong northwest wind.It carries so much fine dust with it that sometimes the sun becomes obscure.There is no escape from the fine dust;it gets into your eyes,your ears,your nostrils,and your hair.It goes through the cracks of closed windows and covers your desks and chairs.,
35、General：It is often windy and dusty here in spring.,Assignment:Haikou is beautiful,3.3 简洁性,言以简洁为贵(Brevity is the soul of wit.)。在用英文写作时,要用简洁的语言表达完整 的意思,尽量避免为了凑满字数而去用几个单词来表达本来一个单词便可表达清楚的意思。,劣 In spite of the fact that it rained heavily,he came to the meeting on time.,优 Although it rained heavily,he ca
36、me to the meeting on time.,在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语，如：用endfinish a letter(不用terminate，conclude)。多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想，因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去：mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other，(an entirely)complete confidence，repeat the question(again)，return(back)from abroad，etc,3.4 得当性,所谓选词的得当性指的是充
37、分利用英语单词在感情色彩和语体色彩上的差异,对其进 行恰当的使用。从感情色彩上讲,英语中的同义词有褒贬之分。例如:politician和statesman都指政治 家,但前者主要指勾心斗角、图谋私利的”政客”,含贬义;后者指正派、有远见的”政治家,含褒义,词典标识：derog(derogatory)vs.apprec（appreciative）,c.f.cause/lead to/result in,从语体色彩上看,主要有常用文体和正式文体两大类,例如:I have often wondered whether some people,who had no intention of makin
38、g a purchase,Would take advantage of this privilege.（我常纳闷是否有些不想购买的人会利用这一特权。）“Wandering with intent to commit an arrestable offence,“he said.（“到出游荡,企图作案。”他说）。句1的intention为一般文体,而句2的intent 属于正式的法律文体,两者均表示/意图”之意。,加深领会词汇语体差别以及词汇选择与语域(register-immediate situational context)的关系。注意避免词汇方面语体混杂或语体不当现象较普遍。比如,应该
39、使用正式语体的场合使用非正式语体,例如,1）在正式语体的科学报告中,要表达”问题”,一般不会采用snag,而用problem这个词。在正式语体中,常选departure而不选leave,选用reduce而不选cut down,选用should not 而不选shouldnt。,2）Reading,speaking,listening and writing are regarded as the four elements of language learning skills.If an ESL student cant read,he couldnt learn language well
40、.学术论文中使用cant 之类的词语是不妥当的。,(1)A)Opinion in the colony greeted the promised change with enthusiasm.B)The people in the colony rejoiced when it was promised that things would change in the way.,practice:Identify which of the following sentences is spoken English and which is written English?Why?,(2)A)Ev
41、ery previous visit had left me with a sense of the futility of further action on my part.B)Whenever Id visited there before,I ended up feeling that it would be futile if I tried to do anything more.,3.5形象性,所谓形象性指的是用一定的修辞手段来提高语言表达效果,使得文章生动、形象,从而吸引读者。常用的有下列修辞手段(Figures of Speech):1、明喻(Simile2、暗喻(Metap
42、hor3、拟人(Personification),O my loves like a red,red rose.That man cant be trusted.Hes as slippery as an eel.The old mans hair is as white as snow.He is the soul of the teamIrrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture,e.g.,Youth is hot and bold,Age is weak and cold,Youth is wild,and Age is tame.Dusk cam
43、e stealthily.,4、借代(Metonymy)借代指的是不直接说出某人或某物的本名,而用和这个人或这种事物有不可分割关系的名称来代替。His purse would not allow him that luxury.5、夸张(Hyperbole)夸张指的是根据表达需要,对客观事物的某些方面故意铺张,/言过其实,加以适当的扩大。She is dying to know what job has been assigned her.,6、转类修饰语(TransferredEpithet)转类修饰语指的是将本应用来修饰某一类句词的修饰语用来修饰相关的另一类名词。,She was so w
44、orried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights.In his quiet laziness he suddenly remembered that strange word.,注意学习掌握一些英语修辞手法,许多同学平时阅读习惯只注重字词的学习，忽略学习积累一些修辞手法，并认为英语修辞在考试作文中没有用武之地。殊不知，只要我们留心，英语修辞在平日的阅读材料里还是俯拾皆是的。,Wherever there is patience,love and commitment,the window of opportunity fo
45、r raising a healthy,happy and well-adjusted child never closes.,Doing The Best For Our Kids by Hillary Rodham Clinton,句子看似简单，但都使用了排比结构。We encourage our children to be competitive,to get ahead,to make money,to acquire possessions.The human being longs for a sense of being accomplished,of being able t
46、o do things,with his hand,with his mind,with his will.,要在考试中拿高分，也要注意恰当地使用修辞手段。如下面一段文章的作者通过三次使用介词in 引出的补语短语，构成一系列排比结构，句式结构有变化（作文高分标准之一），而且达到很好的的修辞效果，语言地道、优雅，行文流畅。So when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help,dont hesitate to give your love to him.I believe then the relation
47、ship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.,3.6 多样性,在同一句话,同一段话或者同一篇文章中有时需要同一词义的反复使用,如果总是选用同一个词,会让读者觉得无新鲜感。为了避免这一点,应恰当地选用同义词以获得一种变化,让读者产生兴趣。,e.g.Animals have different ways to care for their young.Some push their offsprings out of the nest early.Ot
48、hers keep their babies them in the herd for many years.,The report indicated that most college students had grown up in or near cities.About one fifth of the freshmen reported that they had been brought up in small towns;only seven percent came from farm families,If there is anyone out there who sti
49、ll doubts that America is a place where all things are possible，who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time，who still questions the power of our democracy，tonight is your answer.,practice:,I had a very nice childhood.I went to a very nice school in Scotland where the teachers
50、 were all nice to the children and the lessons were always nice.It was in a very nice part of the country and it seems to me now that the weather was always nice.I thought it was especially nice in winter when it was nice to play in the snow.Our school uniform was very nice and school dinners were a
