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1、Unit 9,What Is Happiness?,1.Whats the authors answer to the question“What is happiness”?According to the author,happiness lies in the idea of becoming,in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing.,Pre-reading questions,2.Whats the authors purpose of writing?To attempt a defi
2、nition of happiness by setting some extremes to the idea and then working in toward the middle.,幸福是什么，如何让所有人都能幸福？,佛教僧侣 Matthieu Richard(曾是一位生物化学家）认为人们 可以通过修身养性来求得内心真正的安宁和圆满。http:/,课程介绍我们来到这个世上，到底追求什么才是最重要的？他坚定地认为：幸福感是衡量人生的唯一标准，是所有目标的最终目标。塔尔博士被誉为“最受欢迎讲师”和“人生导师http:/,Text analysis and language points,
3、Part One(1-2):The author points out that when we are not sure what happiness is,wetend to be misled by the idea that we can buy our way to it.Part Two(3-7):The author offers a number of examples to show how this misconception of happiness gives rise to the“happiness-market”in a highly commercialized
4、 society(the United States).,Part Three(8-9):The author suggests striking a balance between what Thoreau called the low levels and the high levels.Part Four(10):The author gives his understanding of happiness,in the light of the Founding Fathers belief that it is“in the idea of becoming”.,Part One,P
5、art One(1-2):The author points out that when we are not sure what happiness is,wetend to be misled by the idea that we can buy our way to it.Questions:1.What does the author mean when he says“The right to purpue happiness is issued to Americans with their birth certificates”?2.Why does the author sa
6、y,“It is,of course,un-American to thikn in terms of fools and knaves”?,1.the author alludes to the well-known statement in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America:“We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal,that they are endowed by their Creator wi
7、th certain unalienable Rights,that among these are Life,Liberty,and the pursuit of Happiness.”The sentence means that everyone is born with the right to pursue happiness.,Df,The Pursuit of Happyness(当幸福来敲门时)is a 2006 American biographical drama film,directed by Gabriele Muccino and based on the true
8、 story of Chris Gardner.Gardner,the hero of the film,is an on-and-off-homeless salesman-turned stockbroker.,The film was released on December 15,2006,by Columbia Pictures.Making his Hollywood debut,Italian director Gabriele Muccino was championed by Will Smith(as Gardner)for the project.,2.Because m
9、ost Americans take it to for granted that pursuing happiness,or buying their way to it is in accordance with American national character.,Language Points,pursue vt.try to achieve somethinge.g.:We are working together to pursue a common goal.in the pursuit ofe.g.:She showed steadiness and courage in
10、the pursuit of her aims.造句：警察动身搜寻那逃犯，但还是没抓到他。The police set off in pursuit of the escapee but didnt manage to catch him.,issue vt.to provide sb.with the things they need for a particular action1.发行;发布The post officeissuedthe stamps last week.上星期邮局发行了这些邮票。2.发给,配给O(+to),核发e.g.:Visitors are issued with
11、 identity cards to wear inside the factory.The police in Britain are not usually issued with guns.issue sth.(to sb.)将某物发给、供给或分配给某人使用,It may be we are issued a hunting license but offered no game.(Para.1),It may be we are given the right of pursuing happiness but we dont know where it is,because mayb
12、e there is no happiness as such at all.Here“game”is used a metaphor for what is being pursued,i.e.,happiness.It is roughly equivalent to“false goal”,Jonathan Swift seemed to think so when he attacked the idea of happiness as“the possession of being well-deceived,”,Paraphrase:Jonathan Swift seemed to
13、 share this view when he criticized this idea of happiness as the state of being completely controlled by deception,Vanity Fair,Originates from John Bunyans(翰班扬)Pilgrims Progress(天路历程)（本书讲述了一个坚韧的基督徒为寻求永生而踏上荆棘遍布的漫漫长旅，充满危险，诱惑与灾难的尘世被他一步步抛弃，只为负罪的灵魂在高天之上得到迎接。），where there was a town fair held in a villag
14、e called Vanity.,William Thackeray used it for the title of his novel,which satirizes society in the early 19th England(故事主角是一个机灵乖巧的漂亮姑娘。她尝过贫穷的滋味，一心要掌握自己的命运，摆脱困境。她不择手段，凭谄媚奉承、走小道儿钻后门，飞上高枝。作为陪衬的人物是她同窗女友、一个富商的女儿。她懦弱温柔，驯顺地随命运播弄。从贫贱进入富裕的道路很不平稳！富家女的运途亦多坎坷，两人此起彼落的遭遇，构成一个引人关怀又动人情感的故事。).,Now it can be used f
15、or any place or group,as the world or fashionable society,characterized by or displaying a preoccupation with idle pleasure or ostentation,Part Two,Part Two(3-7):The author offers a number of examples to show how this misconception of happiness gives rise to the“happiness-market”in a highly commerci
16、alized society(the United States).In Para.3,car advertisements are used as an example to illustrate the paradox:this insatiability eventually make people unhappy.Para.4-5 tell the reader how commercial advertisements on womens magazines induce women to buy an illusion which is called business.,Quest
17、ions,1.How is the car dealers words on the banner“You Auto Buy Now”related with patriotism in Para.3?A:Auto=ought to.So the advertisement on the banner can be read as,implying that your act of purchasing a car is an act of patriotism.,2.Why does the author use the words“poetry”and“dream”to describe
18、the advertisements in womens magazines?A:The author intends to tell the reader that these ads.Present a perfect yet illusionary image which would ultimately create peoples desires.Implicitly,the author suggests that what money can buy is purely a dream of happiness.,deliberately ad.with a definite i
19、ntention,not by chance or by accidente.g.:He deliberately left his book in her dorm so that he could have an excuse to come back and see her again.The anti-government groups deliberately stirred up trouble,inducing their supporters to riot.deliberate a.,Deliberate,形容词a.1.深思熟虑的,慎重的,谨慎的His manner was
20、quiet,his speechdeliberate.他举止文静,说话审慎。2.故意的,蓄意的It was adeliberatelie.那是故意撒谎。3.不慌不忙的,从容的He isdeliberatein his speech.他说话从容不迫。不及物动词vi.1.仔细考虑,思考(+about/on/upon)They aredeliberatingupon what to do.他们在考虑该怎么办。2.商议(+with)The jurydeliberatedfor three hours.陪审团商议了三个小时。,budget,The amount of money a person or
21、organization has to spend on sth(singular form)预算;预算费;生活费,经费(+for)It is essential to balance onesbudget.量入为出是很重要的。She tried to keep her monthlybudgetbelow$400.她试图将每月的开支限制在四百元以下。造句：政府减少国防预算，这意味着全球的基地有2000人会失业。Government cuts in the defense budget have meant a loss of 2,000 jobs on bases all lover the
22、 world.,approach,Move near to a place,usu.At a steady speed.接近,靠近 As the train approached the station,its whistle sounded shrilly.造句：隐约听到脚步声从走廊里传来，渐行渐近。The sound of approaching footsteps could be heard from the corridor.黑压压的暴风雨云团从西北方向聚拢过来。Dark storm clouds were approaching from the northwest.,patrio
23、tism n.strong feelings of love,respect,and duty towards your countrye.g.:The Chinese people demonstrated great patriotism in combating the earthquake that struck Sichuan Province in May 2008.patriotic a.爱国的patriotically ad.,release vt.1)to allow something to be shown in public or to be available for
24、 use 公开，2)If a company releases a film or musical recording,it allows the film to be shown in cinemas,or makes the musical recording available for the public to buy、发行，发表e.g.:We have to release the news before 5 oclock tomorrow morning.Paul McCartneys new album will be released at the end of the mon
25、th.,therapy n.a form of treatment for an illness or medical condition治疗,疗法CU e.g.:The therapy involves getting the patients to tell the doctor about their early childhood.Nowadays,occupational therapy is accepted by more and more people.undergo therapyEarthquake victims undergo therapy 地震受害者接受治疗 phy
26、sical therapy 物理疗法;体育疗法radiation therapy 放射治疗,放射疗法Psychotherapy.心理治疗,flawless a.without any mistakes,marks or bad feature无瑕的,完美的e.g.:The baby was plump,his skin flawless and his eyes bright blue.丰满的;胖嘟嘟的The baby has rosyplumpcheeks.这婴儿的面颊红红胖胖的。The flawless launch was watched by millions of people on
27、 television.flawlessly ad.flaw n.,exhale vt./vi.breathe air out through your mouth or nose呼出;轻轻发出(声音等)Heexhaleda billow of cigar smoke.他吐出一股雪茄。Hold your breath for five seconds and then exhale slowly.2.散发出(气味,蒸气等)Carsexhalefumes.汽车散发出烟雾。e.g.:He exhaled smoke hurriedly to continue his urgent work.exh
28、alation n.,display vt.to give a clear demonstration of(a quality,emotion,or skill)陈列;展出The cakes weredisplayedin the window.糕点陈列在橱窗中。2.显示;表现;显露Hedisplayedinterest in archaeology.他对考古学有兴趣。e.g.:The new market displayed a great many goods for sale.display n.,fiction,Books or stories about imaginary eve
29、nts and people(总称)小说UHemingway and Steinbeck were masters offiction.海明威和斯坦贝克是小说大师。2.虚构,捏造,想象UThat is no fact butfiction.那不是事实,是虚构出来的。Science/romantic/historical/crime/detective fiction.Books that give facts about real events,things or people are called non-fiction.,perpetual a.永久的;长期的continuing all
30、the timee.g.:Her husbands perpetual jealousy made her feel anxious.He soon grew tired of her perpetual demands for money.perpetually ad.They hoped to live inperpetualhappiness.他们希望生活在永久幸福之中。2.【口】无休止的;连续不断的e.g.:She perpetually wore a worried look on her face.,run out of not having any more of itI hop
31、e we see a gas station soon were running out of fuel.In the end she ran out of patience and started hitting him.We air-freighted the shipment because our agent had run out of stock.我们空运了这批货物，是因为我们的代理商已用完库存了。,Acquisitive adj.Characterized by a strong desire to gain and possess.渴望得到的(of)，能得到的,可学得的;an
32、acquisitive mind好学心,利欲心(等)the acquisitive instinct获取的本能acquisitive of new ideas好求新知In an acquisitive society the form that selfishness predominantly takes is monetary greed.在一个贪婪的社会里,贪财是自私自利的突出表现形式。Acquire vt.To get by ones own efforts:取得，获得：通过自我努力获得：Acquire proficiency in math.在数学上达到熟练水平,materialis
33、tic a.believing that having money and possessions is the most important thing in lifee.g.:Members of this sect have rejected modern materialistic values.materialism n.【哲】唯物论,唯物主义,实利主义;现实主义;美写实主义E.g.They disliked the materialism of the West and went to live in Nepal.。,spiritual,Of,relating to,consist
34、ing of,or having the nature of spirit;not tangible or material精神的，与精神有关的；非有形的，非物质的,神圣的,宗教的,E.g.the modern worlds pursuit of material ends to the neglect of itsspiritualneeds当今世界追求物质目标而忽视精神需要 spiritual life精神生活spiritual songs圣歌,赞美歌spiritual gifts神的恩赐,印度，随处可见的修行者http:/,我们是否一度在都市的繁华里，迷失了自己？我们是否在欲望膨胀的今天
35、，找不到方向？我们是否生活在物质发达的社会，依然感觉不到快乐?,在内心深处，我们思考过我们的人生和生命存在的价值吗？没有信仰，找不到归属感，看不清生与死的轮回，不注重心灵的充实和升华，不籍着知识的火炬来看清周围世界真相，这样的人生是多么可悲啊！,Rapt adj.Deeply absorbed;engrossed:全神贯注的；全心投入的：He was rapt in thought all evening.他整晚上都陷入深深的沉思Contemplation n.Meditation on spiritual matters,especially as a form of devotion.沉思
36、,冥想She spent an hour in quietcontemplation.她静静地沉思了一个小时。2.深思熟虑,研究He reached his decision after a good deal ofcontemplation.他经过周密思考后作出了决定。be lost in contemplation想得出了神have sth.in contemplation打算企图做某事.Meditation n.熟虑;(尤指宗教的)默想;沉思;,Devout a.Displaying reverence or piety.虔诚的;虔敬的She never forgets to say h
37、er prayers;she is adevoutgirl.她是个虔诚的女孩,从来不忘做祷告。2.Sincere;earnest:诚挚的;衷心的devoutwishes for your success衷心祝愿你成功(usually before a noun)very religious e.g.:His father is a devout Buddhist.devoutly ad.devoutness n.,disciplinen.the ability to control your own behaviore.g.:Their attention wandered and they
38、lacked discipline to learn.vt.train sb./sth.to be obedient,self-controlled,skillful,etc.e.g.:The military schools usually discipline students strictly.disciplinary a.,Part Three(8-9):The author suggests that happiness based on possession for its own sake is what Thoreau called the low levels.,He off
39、ers a supportive explanation in the light of(adv.按照,根据)Thoreaus comments on the proper balance between low levels and high levels.,Questions,1.Why does the author need to say“because I am Western,”“torture to almost any Western man”?A:Becoz Western people are supposed to be quite rational and matter
40、-of-fact.The catatonic happiness the holy man in India believes in may be totally incredible and unacceptable to a Westerner.,2.How does the author relate the happiness-market to Thoreaus sense of balance?A:people are taught that to possess is to be happy,and they are made to want.But the author quo
41、tes Thoreaus idea and claims that there should be some sort of balance.Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood in one extreme and would have been on the low levelsAt the same time,Thoreau disapproved of the other extreme starvation and poverty.One should spend
42、 only as much time and effort as would keep him functioning physically.What has been saved(time and efforts)from the low levels could be spent on the high levels.This is the balance Thoreau believes in.,Torture n.拷打,酷刑;拷问Ugreat pain that is deliberately caused to sb.esp.to punish theme.g.Many of the
43、 prisoners died undertorture.许多战俘被折磨致死。2.to bring great physical or mental pain upon(another)折磨,痛苦(+of)+to-ve.g.She sufferedtorturesfrom a toothache.她受牙痛的折磨。It was torture to be ill in bed while everyone else was celebrating downstairs.造句：看到他生病的哥哥那副样子令他非常痛苦。The sight of his sick brother wastortureto
44、 him.torture v.,perception n.the ability to realize or notice things that are not obvious to other people 理解,感知,感觉e.g.:There is a perception that management only wants to cut costs.She has extraordinary powers of perception for one so young.perceive v.感知,感到,认识到e.g.:I cantperceiveany difference betwe
45、en these coins.我看不出这些硬币有什么差别。He graduallyperceivedthat his parents had been right.,perceptive a.Having the ability to perceive;有感知能力的；或与感知有关的：e.g.:Children can be amazingly perceptive about adults moods.perceptive faculties.感知的能力感觉(敏锐)的;有理解力的a good perceptive article一篇富有洞察力的好文章,The active discipline
46、 of heightening ones perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high.(Para.9:P170),Paraphrase:The active exercise or training to improve ones understanding of what is of lasting value would have been Thoreaus idea of the high levels,i.e.spiritual happiness.,disapprove o
47、f 不赞成;不同意 not approve of sb./sth.e.g.:I strongly disapprove of anyone who goes out at night and leaves their children alone.I strongly disapprove of under-age drinking.disapproval n.disapproving a.e.g.:His sister gave him a disapproving glance and he realized he had said the wrong thing.,put sth.Int
48、o/in sth./doing sth.to spend a lot of time or effort doing somethinge.g.:Youve obviously put a lot of work in your garden.If I put in some extra hours today,I can have some time off tomorrow.Weve put a lot of time and effort into making the house look nice.我们花了很多时间和精力把房子装饰漂亮。,function,V.1.To have or
49、 perform a function;serve:(+as)有或起作用；行使职责：2.functioned as ambassador.行使大使的职责(机器等)工作,运行The refrigerator is notfunctioningwell.n.1.官能,功能,作用The teacher did not explain its grammaticalfunction.老师没有解释它的语法功能。2.职务,职责What is hisfunctionon the committee?他在委员会里担任什么职务?,function,work,operate,act,这四个词都含有“起作用”之义。
50、function表示某人或某物本身的功能“起作用”，强调客观职责的完成，例如：This machine is not functioning properly.这部机器运转不正常。work强调以正确或正常的方式“发挥作用”，例如：The method didnt work well in practice.这方法在实际操作中不见有什么效果。operate强调以某种特殊方式“发挥预期的效果”，例如：Several causes operated to bring on the quarrel.几种因素促成了这场争吵。act表示化学物质或药品“起作用”，或者某种力量“发挥效用”，例如：The sl
