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1、Unit 2,COMMUNICATION,Hu,Yuan School of Intercultural Studies Jiangxi Normal University,Learning Objectives,You should be able toDefine the term of communicationUnderstand the needs and functions of communicationExplain the process and models of communication,What is communication like?,Case,Sally se
2、nt an e-mail to her tutor,which read:Dear tutor,I have been trying to sharpen my Chinese by reading the signs on shopping or other routine jobs as that can make the learning very pleasant and easy.I have found something very interesting that is the way people put the word of Communication.More inves
3、tment will be make in Tele-communication Industry.,I opened an account last Friday at the China Bank of Communication.Next year Ill take the course of public communication.There should be more efficient channels for the communication between the government and residents.I wonder if there are still o
4、ther ways for translating the word of communication into Chinese.Would you tell me what communication really means in Chinese?Sally,Communication means life and development.,Try to put the word of COMMUNICATION into Chinese and you may find there are more than one Chinese equivalent for that:,有语言学背景
5、的学者大多使用交际一词；从事传播学教学和研究的学者都采用“传播”一词；“传播”用于大众传播时比较适当，但是用于人际传播时就显得比较勉强。,传播是信息交流，一切有信息交流的地方就有传播活动存在。（苑子熙）所谓传播，即人类传受信息的行为或过程。（张国良）,Take another look at the English terms for communication,you can find something similar they are sharing.,Communication as an Element of Culture Communication is derived from
6、 the Latin word communicare,Share with or to make common,as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts,hopes,and knowledge.Western Definitions of Communication In western cultures,communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas.,Confucianism Definitions of communication from m
7、any Asian countries stress harmony,which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition.Perception and Communication Communication is the perception of verbal and nonverbal behaviors and the assignment of meaning to them.,Communication,Communication Defined by Samovar and Porter（1997）,“Commu
8、nication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.”It means when someone perceives our behavior or its residue and attributes meaning to it,communication has taken place regardless of whether our behavior was conscious or unconscious,intentional or unintentional.S
9、amovar and Porters approach to communication has focused on the behavior of one individual causing or provoking a response from another by the attribution of meaning to behavior.,look at the following examples and try to judge which can be sorted as communication and which can not.,1.You send an e-m
10、ail to one of your net-friends2.You are declining an invitation from one of your suppliers on the phone3.You said to yourself,“Yes,I must get it done.”4.The police got the sign of“P”put up at the street corner.5.A car driver blew the horn to the other one he has just overtaken.6.A housewife is using
11、 a detergent(清洁剂)in the kitchen.7.In a commercial,a housewife is using a detergent(清洁剂)in the kitchen 8.On a construction site,some workers are working with a driller and that causes a great noise,we may be able to find out the essential elements of communication by answering the following questions
12、:1.Who are involved 2.What for 3.How to contact the other side 4.With what effects,The classification and models of communication,Who are involved,there should be at least two parts(as least two or more people);In terms of who communicate with whom,it can be human,animals or machines.There is anothe
13、r type of classification of human communication,depending on the number of persons involved in communication.,Intrapersonal communication(自我/内向传播)is communication within and to the self.Interpersonal communication(人际传播)is communication between people,e.g.you send an email message to an foreign frien
14、d.Organizational communication(组织传播)is communication within group of people and by groups of people to others.Mass communication(大众传播)is communication received by or used by large numbers of people.,animal communication(动物交际）human-animal communication（人类与动物的交际）human-machine communication（人机交际）machin
15、e-to-machine communication（机器交际）,What for,there should be information-to-exchange,or a message;Message is including verbal message and nonverbal message.,How to contact the other side,There should be a contact between the two parts.There are various ways of establishing a communication contact.Two-w
16、ay contact;One-way contact There is no communication without contact.With what effects,Lasswells 5-W Linear Model,What sender through what message through what channel to what receiver with what effect.传者sender-讯息message-媒介channel-受者receiver-效果effect,5.How can the message be made understood 6.Where
17、to send the message7.When to send the message,That is all for today,see you all next week!,I(sender)put into words(encoding)my meanings that“class is over”(message)and speak the words(channel)in the hope that the words will be suitably understood(decoding)by you(receiver).,Models of Communication,So
18、urce of information,encoder,coder,*channel*medium*noise,decoder,retrieval of information,electric signals,telephone line,Information Model,No matter in which way you communicate,you follow a certain way,or as we name it in the study of communication-the model.,Components of communication,Source（信息源）
19、:The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding（编码）:Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message（信息）:Message is the encoded thought.Receiver（信息接收者）:The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding（解码）:Decoding is the process in which
20、 the receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.,Receiver response（信息接收者反应）:Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Channel（渠道）:Channel refers to the means by which the encode
21、d message is transmitted.Noise（干扰）:Noise refers to anything that distorts the message the sources encodes.Feedback（反馈）:Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context（情境）:Context is the environment
22、 in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.,Participants:the sender and the receiver,Three especially important variables affecting participants are relationship,gender,and culture.交际主体即交际者，也就是交际双方。交际者对话语交际的方方面面起着决定性的作用。不同的交际者，由于性别、年龄、民族、籍贯、身份、经历、信仰、性格、生活环境、社会背
23、景、文化水平、身心素质、兴趣爱好、即时境遇等不同，在话语交际中的表现和要求就会不同，这些角色特征都深刻地制约着交际活动。这种制约作用，不仅体现在发话人必须针对受话人的角色特征来精心组织话语这一必然要求上，也体现在受话人必须根据发话人的角色特征来准确理解话语这一重要过程中。从传播的过程，我们可以看出编码和译码是两个最容易出问题的环节。,Noise is any stimulus,external or internal to the participants.,External noise:sights,sounds,and other stimulus in the environment t
24、hat draw peoples attention away from intended meaningInternal noise:thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process,The following dialogue can be used to illustrate the components of the communication.Case 3-1,A and B are two students in the classroom a couple of minutes before t
25、he class begins:A:Hi,Lisa,are you doing anything tonight?B:No,why?A:Ive got two tickets for the Lion King.Like to go with me?B:Sure.(Teacher enters.B lowers her voice)When?A:Shh,lets talk after class.,In the dialogue,A wants to invite B to go to the movie with him.A starts the dialogue,and he is the
26、 source-the point at which information originates.A organizes his idea and put it into words-verbal code,such a process is called encoding.A expresses his idea-the message by way of talking,i.e.the verbal channel.B,the receiver of the message,after interpreting the message though the process of deco
27、ding,gives his response to the coming information.The entrance of the teacher interferes with the talk and is considered“noise”of the communication.,A knows that his invitation has been accepted and decided to talk about it later.Here Bs response to the message enables the source or sender A to unde
28、rstand how his message has been taken,such information is called the feedback.Feedback in fact makes it possible for the source or sender to adjust himself so as to proceed with the communication.Feedback and response are related because the receivers response is a normal source of the senders feedb
29、ack.And the dialogue between A and B takes place in the setting or context of the classroom.,Bell(1992)identified the following barriers to communication:,Physical barrier time,environment,comfort and needs,and physical medium Cultural barrier-ethnic,religious,and social differencesPerceptual barrie
30、r-viewing what is said from your own mindsetMotivational barrier the listeners mental inertiaEmotional barrier personal feelings of he listenerLinguistic barrier different languages spoken by the speaker and listener or use of a vocabulary beyond the comprehension of the listenerNonverbal barrier no
31、n-word message Competition barrier the listeners ability to do other things rather than hear the communication.,Communication has its own attributes:,It is a born need.People need communication or theyll be driven crazy.,It is interactive.No communication can be done by oneself alone.It can be eithe
32、r constructive or destructive to a relation.It cant be white washed in case it is performed.,SUMMARY,1.Communication refers to the act and process of sending and receiving message among people.2.People communicate for a whole variety of needs and purposes.Communication helps to meet practical needs,
33、to fulfill social needs,to make better decisions,and to promote personal growth,etc.,3.Communication can be classified in different ways:under communication we have human and biological/physical communication;under human communication,we have non-social communication(intra-personal)and social commun
34、ication(interpersonal,organizational and mass communication).4.Key components of communication consist of message,sender,encoding,channel,noise,decoding,receiver and feedback,among which encoding and decoding are the areas where misunderstandings are mostly likely to occur.If the message decoded is
35、identical to the message encoded,communication is successful.,EXAMPLES:You send an e-mail to your net-friend,Try to use the model theory to analyze the exampleThe source of message is _The encoder is _The message is _The channel is _The decoder is _The receiver is _,Exercise:,You are declining an in
36、vitation from one of your suppliers on the phone.A car driver blew the horn to the other one he has just overtaken.In a commercial,a housewife is using a detergent in the kitchen.,Try to use the model theory to analyze the examples,The source of message is _The encoder is _The message is _The channel is _The decoder is _The receiver is _,
