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1、外 文 翻 译Frame Structure Anti-earthquake Design Way of ThinkingTheodore V. GalambosUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USAAbstractCurrently, the anti-earthquake norms all round the world almost adopt to a kind of way of thinking: The adoption presses the earthquake strong or weak of possible situati
2、on to divide the line earthquake cent area; According to everyplace the history occurrence of the area earthquake of covariance result or to geology structure of the history investigate to have to explicit statistics the meaning establish the sport peak in waterproof and quasi-ground value accelerat
3、ion; Make use of again the reaction acceleration that the acceleration reaction composes different period; Get a design to use acceleration level through earthquake dint adjust met coefficient R. In the meantime, most nations all approve such point， establishing to defend the earthquake intensity le
4、vel can take to use a different value, choosing to use to establish to defend the earthquake intensity level more and highly, the ductility request of the structure also more low, choose to use to establish to defend earthquake intensity level more and lowly, structure of ductility request more high
5、. The structure ductility guarantee of precondition is the ductility of the member, pass again an effectively reasonable conjunction in adopting a series of measure guarantee member the foundation of the ductility, the structure system choice is reasonable in the meantime, the degree just distribute
6、s reasonable of under condition ability basic assurance structure of ductility.Keywords: frame structure; anti-earthquake design; design way of thinking1Simple Review of Anti-earthquake Design Way of ThinkingThe development that constructs the structure anti- earthquake is along with people all the
7、earthquake move with the structure characteristic of the understanding is continuously thorough but develop gradually, however, from is born up to now the history of a hundred years, have mostly several to develop a stage as follows:(1) Quiet dint stage: It first from a Japanese professor passed to
8、harm to prognosticate the anti- earthquake design theories that put forward with the theories understanding at that time to the limited earthquake, being applicable to only just rigid body structure. It didnt think characteristic and the place difference to consider structure to the influence that c
9、onstructs structure.(2) Respond the table stage: Along with vibrate to record of obtain and the development of the structure dynamics theories, the Biota professor of the United States put forward flexibility to respond the concept of the table in 1940, respond the table is list the freely flexible
10、system, it was obtain of numerous earthquakes record of encourage, the structure period or respond of the relation, include the acceleration reaction table, the speed responded a table, moved to respond a table. It consider the motive characteristic of the structure, it still is the foundation that
11、all countries norm design earthquake dint takes a value up to now. The calculation of the earthquake function dint usually use shears with the bottom and flaps a decomposition to respond a table a method, flapping a decomposition to respond a table a method of basic define: Suppose the building stru
12、cture is the line flexibility more freedom degree system, making use principle of flap a decomposition and flap a type, it will solve a freedom degree the earthquake of the flexible system to respond to resolve for solve an independence of etc. the effect single freedom degree flexible system most t
13、he heavy earthquake respond. Then begging should in each function affect that flaps a type. At this time, according to consider the way dissimilarity of the earthquake function, adopt a different array, group method, order flexible system to many qualities of the flat surface vibration, it can use a
14、 SRSS method, it is according to suppose the importation earthquake as steady random process, each of a flap reaction is independent mutually but deduce to get; For consider even-twists many qualities that the lotus connect to order flexible system, the adoption CQC method, it lies in with the main
15、differentiation of the SRSS method: Suppose when flat surface vibrate each flap a type independent mutually, and each contribution that flap a type increased along with the frequency high but lower； But even-twist lotus connect hour each flap a frequency span very small, close together and higher fl
16、ap the frequency of the type and may near to this relativity that will consider a dissimilarity to flap a very much, also have influence of turn round the weight and not necessarily increase along with the frequency high but lower, sometimes higher flap the influence possibility of the type big in l
17、ower flap the influence of the type, it will consider more influences that flap a type while comparing SRSS. The bottom shears the dint method in consideration of the special of the structure system to the simplification that flaps a decomposition to respond to compose a method, be the building heig
18、ht not big, took shearing to slice to transform as the lord and the quality to follow height to distribute more even structure with degree just, the structure vibration moved to respond usually with the first flapped a type for lord, and when the first flapped a type to near to in the straight line,
19、 can flap a decomposition method simplification to shear the dint method calculation formula for the basic bottom. The level earthquake function that each quality that this basic formula calculation get order can better reflection just degree bigger structure, but when structure the basic period was
20、 long, the place characteristic period to compare with hour, the calculation income coping earthquake function be partial to small. of course , the Anti-earthquake Norm provision, be the structure basic period more than 1.4 place characteristic period, at coping additional level earthquake function.
21、(3)the motive theories stage: Along with move understanding and comprehend to the earthquake of deepen continuously, know to some shortage of the reaction table, such as to the earthquake move hold of influence consideration not week, and the exaltation of the calculator function, make the motive me
22、thod develop gradually, its essence solves a square distance of motive directly, but because of earthquake the ground sport acceleration is very irregular, it cant beg for differential calculus square distance, it shuts to match a solution, so adopt number integral calculus method more. Usual way of
23、 doing is carry on a continuous cent a segment a processing towards having already record of the earthquake wave, each data all see do the constant, then the function get to structure up, pass an equilibrium and square distance of motive to beg at the moment of the acceleration, speed, move reaction
24、, moving with ex- the acceleration, speed, the segment to carry on folding to add immediately after folding the result for add as the beginning that descends at that time a segment to start a data, pushing according to this kind, end beg structure at the give for low week again and again the earthqu
25、ake wave under of the acceleration, speed and move the dint reaction variety process.(4) At American Northridge earthquake in 1994 and Japanese Kobe earthquake in 1995 after, the beautiful day scholar put forward again according to the anti- earthquake design method of behavior, it was during the pe
26、riod of usage to make the building structure satisfy various requests that used function according to the basic thought of behavior. Tradition according to the design method dissimilarity of the dint, adjudicate to the structure function mainly is according to move standard, move index sign to come
27、with the different to the structure function to carry on a different control. But descend structure because of the big earthquake of not- flexible transform hard and accurate estimate of, make to can stay around according to the design method of behavior theoretically. But put forward its aggressive
28、 meaning to have 2:00 at least: a. Emphasize the system and the society of the earthquake engineering;b. The part that knows an original anti- earthquake to design norm is unsuited to reasonableness.Conduct and actions according to the foundation of the function anti- earthquake design, should to th
29、e particular level earthquake function of a certain covariance meaning under of the structure move, the speed and acceleration carry on accurate valuation, should also have a reasonable of valuation method with available valuation tool. It is exactly because of this purpose, put forward and develope
30、d the Pushover method and ability to compose a method. The basic way of thinking of the Pushover method is an adoption the quiet dint add to carry, supposing the side of the some penny cloth form toward lotus to carry a function on the structure, adding to carry gradually until attain the structure
31、control point target to move or the structure break, getting the level side of the control point to move to shear the dint relation curve with substrate thus, evaluating in order to the anti-vibration ability of the structure. The Pushover method depends on to distribute a form and play the plastici
32、ty reaction table target to move to really settle in the side force.2Basic Way of Thinking of Frame Structure Anti-earthquake Design-ductility StandardAfter the flexibility respond table put forward, the peoples detection computes to gain from here of the structure respond with the actual earthquake
33、 the breakage phenomenon of the structure contain certain antinomy, mainly is press the flexibility reaction table to calculate of the structure responded the acceleration as habitual to design the earthquake dint to take to be worth big quite a few at that time doubly, and took to settle according
34、to the habitual of the function of the design earthquake dint descends the house structure of design, the harm of the structure system wasnt serious in the earthquake.60s last century, the New mark passed to start to the beginning of different period just degree homology of the single freedom degree
35、 the system carried on analysis under the situation that many waves input, put forward etc. moved the principle and etc. energy principle, and put forward the concept of the structure ductility. Studied single and free system to accept defeat the level and flexibility thoroughly again from the relat
36、ion of flapped the biggest not- flexible motive in the period and structure to respond afterward, this be customarily say of the theories of the R- -T effect. Passing these researches, announcing to public the ductility ability and plasticity to consume an ability is a structure Be taking to use to
37、accept defeat level under not high circumstance, at big earthquake under the structure doesnt take place severity to break and doesnt dont tumble down of assurance. Arrive here, concerning the design earthquake dints taking the basic problem of the value size have to arrive understanding definitely,
38、 be the anti- earthquake the earthquake dint take a value of the size isnt a number of assurance, but with the structure ductility function and consume the ability mechanism related quantity value. Here what to need to be explain BE, designed the earthquake dint to take a value to resolve a problem
39、only, but to the structure ductility function guarantee of the measure have to can also promise, this will at underneath a section discuss.Currently, the anti- earthquake norms all round the world almost adopts so a kind of way of thinking: The adoption presses the earthquake strong or weak of possi
40、ble situation to divide the line earthquake cent area; According to everyplace the history occurrence of the area earthquake of covariance result or to geology structure of the history investigate to have to explicit statistics the meaning establish the sport peak value in waterproof and quasi- grou
41、nd value acceleration; Make use of again the reaction acceleration that the acceleration reaction composes different period to descend structure to; get a design to use acceleration level through the earthquake dint adjustment coefficient R. In the meantime, most nations all approve such standpoint,
42、 establishing to defend the earthquake intensity level can take to use a different value, choosing to use to establish to defend the earthquake intensity level more and highly, the ductility request of the structure also more low, choose to use to establish to defend the earthquake intensity level m
43、ore and lowly, structure of ductility request more high. The structure ductility guarantee of precondition is the ductility of the member, pass again an effectively reasonable conjunction in adopting a series of measure guarantee member the foundation of the ductility, the structure system choice is
44、 reasonable in the meantime, the degree just distributes reasonable of under condition ability basic assurance structure of ductility.Underneath this kind of discusses the our country anti- earthquake norm mostly way of thinking, the current Chinese norm didnt adopt a variety to establish to defend
45、the earthquake intensity level to take to use, but don Ted add a distinction of unify an adoption of the earthquake dint adjustment coefficient R=1/0.35;In the meantime, mostly according to establish a dissimilarity of defend the earthquake intensity, divide the line the different anti- earthquake g
46、rade, fix attention on in establish to defend earthquake intensity differently, adopt the anti- earthquake measure of the different assurance ductility. Very obvious here exist a misunderstanding of concept, also be according to the theories of the R- -T effect, the little more than earthquake dint
47、adjustment coefficient R=1/0.35, should give the same ductility guarantee measure to the structure, but the Chinese norm adopt the different ductility guarantee measure, along with anti- earthquake the exaltation of the grade, ductility guarantee the ability correspond to strengthen. This kind of us
48、efulness of the way of doing under way and not the line motive respond of verification, can describe so as a result mostly: For the district of 8 degrees 0.3 g and 9 degrees 0.4 g, because of correspond of the anti- earthquake grade is higher, the measure of the guarantee ductility is also stronger,
49、 so generally and more safe; And for the district of 6 degrees 0.05 g and 7 degrees 0.1 g, gain from here to of the level earthquake effect be partial to small, the general lotus carries an array, group is carried the control function by the gravity lotus, although to should of the measure of the guarantee ductility isnt very strong, can also guarantee structure generally under the big earthquake of not- flexible transform of function; But to the dis
