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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1、TWO MAIN LEGAL FAMILIESCommon/English/English-American Law (Legal) System/Family普通法系- case law system- Anglo-Saxon case-law system- Anglo-American legal systemContinental/Roman/Civil Law (Legal) System/Family大陆法系- civilian legal system- civil-law system2、civil law民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法3、subst
2、antive Law（实体法）VS procedural Law（程序法）4、case law（案例法） vs. statutory law（成文法）statutory / written / codified / enacted law制定法、成文法5、adversary trial system（对抗制） vs. inquisitorial system （纠问制）6、jury trial system陪审团制度7、Thereportsofthe UnitedStatesSupremeCourt联邦最高法院判例汇编ThereportsofsomeStates州法院判例汇编8、legalca
3、ses法律案例9、privatelaw and / vs. public law 10、the statutorylaw continuestobe subjecttobinding interpretationthroughcaselaw （其成文法继续适用通过判例法(注：即先例)进行的有约束力的解释）11、Common law (in narrow sense):- common general law - local law- itinerant judges of the English royal court- enforcement of a claim- special form
4、 of action: writ- classical Roman law- Provisions of Oxford (1258)牛津条例- “writ upon the case”本案令状12、enforcement 强制执行；claim 请求；action 诉讼行为；writ 法院令状； recourse 追索权；追索，追偿13、Equity law衡平法- “ equity ”doingequity- chancellor - relief 救济- judiciary- Court of Chancery （衡平法院）and / vs. ordinary common law cour
5、ts-maxim- fixed, inflexible- equitable doctrines (e.g. law of salvage at sea)- In a conflict between law & equity,equity should prevail.14、awardcompensatory, compensatedamagesspecific performance特定履行|实际履行injunction强制令real/immoveable property（不动产） and / vs. personal/moveable property （动产）15、 common l
6、aw remedy/relief:普通法救济- (compensatory) damages金钱赔偿16、 equity/equitable remedies/relief:衡平法救济- injunction ( a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act)强制令 - specific performance (a party to an agreement is ordered by the court to perform his obligations according to the terms of the
7、 agreement)- restitution 17、judicial express （明示）vs. implied （默示）provision, providejurisdiction 管辖区域,法域; (司法）管辖权civil suit民事诉讼titlethe law of property财产法before the judge在法庭上17、 apply/applicable/available适用于be subject to受。的约束l This case is subject to Chinese law.受约束，引申为适用l Chinese law applies / is ap
8、plicable to / is available to this case.适用于 18、precedent先例judge-made law法官制定的法律make the law制定法律usagetermconnote / meanin contrast to, as contrasted withsubject matter标的19、Two parallel court systems(Double Track system)双轨制l Federal Court System联邦法院系统- U.S. / Federal District Court联邦地区法院- U.S. / Feder
9、al Court of Appeals联邦上诉法院- U.S. / Federal Supreme Court联邦最高法院l State Court System州法院系统- Trial / circuit Court审判法院|巡回法院- State Appellate Court (Court of Appeals)上诉法院- State Supreme Court最高法院20、Separation of powers- Legislative branch: Congress- Executive branch: President - Judicial branch: CourtsChe
10、cks and Balances Judicial Review- the ability of a court to decide on the constitutionality of legislation21、美国的法官l 联邦和州最高法院的法官l 大法官，justice Chief Justice Associate Justicel 上诉法院和审判法院的法官l 法官，judge Chief Justice Associate Justicel 基层法院的审判人员l 治安法官，justice of the peacel 司法官，magistrate22、The U.S. Suprem
11、e Court, compose of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems.美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官(1 Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justice)组成，对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性的发言权。23、issue 问题，争论点litigant 诉讼当事人plead (the case)（向法庭）陈述案情; plead（在法庭）申辩，认罪，辩护 ;申诉; 答辩; 为辩护, 抗辩 专心-专注-专业before a courtjudgment
12、/ decision / holdingappeal, appealablehear, hearing in which the court is locatedterritory tribunalcourt/judicial decisions review / rehear 重审，再审，复审proceed throughas of right vs. discretionarydiscretionabolish 24、Two-tiered system 两级审判制25、Since 1988, review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is dis
13、cretionary; virtually all civil appeals as of right to the highest court have been abolished.从1988年开始，最高法院对民事案件的复审有决定权；实际上，所有民事案件都可以作为(法定）权利而上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。26、(compromise) approach - (international conventions) impose (on / upon sb.)capital punishmentwrit of certiorariprovided for by statutespecif
14、ic 27、ad hoc Versus (vs. or v.):29、允许上诉（grant leave to appeal), 30、审查下级法院判决的诉讼文件移送命令（writ of certiorari)31、US: Article III, section 2 (UK: Section 3, paragraph 2; CN: Article 3, paragraph 2)Plaintiff vs. Defendant applicant / claimant vs. respondentappellant vs. appelleecourt of first / second / las
15、t instancecourt of last resort / final hearing / final judgmenthigher/superior court vs. lower/inferior court31、 constitutional 1.宪法规定的,合乎宪法的2.宪法的 justice 1.正义; 公正, 合理2.法律制裁; 司法; 审判3.法官judicial 司法的, 法庭的, 审判的,法官的（e.g. judicial acceptance, judicial system，judicial decisions, judicial interpretation)ju
16、diciary司法，司法系统法庭或法庭制度； (总称)法官,审判官; 司法系统，司法部 ; 法院的; 审判员的; 司法的 career judiciary 职业法官learned judges (e.g. Lord Denning)justice (supreme court), judge bench (court) trial and / vs. jury trial the rules and regulations 规章制度provisions, treatieslaws, executive acts and regulations 法律，行政法令和条例32、be called/ad
17、mitted to the Bar具有开业律师资格bar examination the practicing bar 执业律师the bench vs. the bar be required to be admitted to practice (law) but do not practice while on the bench American Bar Association (ABA)be admitted ( to practice) before the federal courtlaw firm attorney / attorney at law / counselor（c
18、ivil）advocate 辩护律师consultant, advisor, planner, negotiatorhouse / corporate counsel专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问The United States Department of Justice(UK) solicitor / barrister 32、律师美国Lawyer、Attorney、Attorney at-law、Counselor、Counselorat-law英国Barrister诉讼律师，大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师，诉状律师，事务律师32、 大学后教育 （postgraduate）美国法
19、学院设立的学位JD，Juris Doctor法律博士LLM，Master of Laws法学硕士SJD，Doctor of Juridical Science法学博士33、unjust enrichmentconnote / refer to / meanbe availableelements, requirements, conditions, requisites, prerequisitesLegal effectperformancecreate / make / form / conclude / enter into contractsbreach 34、 It creates
20、obligations for which some sort of legal enforcement will be available if performance is not forthcoming as promised. 它设立了当不按约履行时，便可由某种法律强制手段保证实施的义务。35、 Three elements in a transactioncontractn 1. The agreement-in-fact事实协议n 2. The agreement-in-written书面协议n 3. The set of rights and duties 一系列权利与义务36、
21、ownership: tangible（有形的）, intangible（无形的）detailed / specific rulesgovern / regulatereal property/ immovable property/ real estate（不动产） vs. personal property/ movable property/ chattel（动产）bodies of law37、Copyrights 版权Patents 专利权Shares of corporate stock 公司股权Negotiable instruments 票据权 - e.g. cheques,
22、promissory ，note, bills of exchange 38、 violate (the rights, the law), violationproperty rightsindividual rightspersonal rights infliction of physical injurycommission, commit a crime, robbery, etc.criminal actstortious acts39、transfer / convey (conveyance) law of contracts / tortslegal mechanismexp
23、ectations40、Legal mechanism for protecting the expectations that arise from the making of agreements for the future exchange of various types of performance.合同法是保护预期利益的法律机制，该预期利益产生于就未来交易各类履行而制定的契约。41、proceedraise issuesbreach of contract and tort : concurrencelease agreementloophole42、fraud” conduct
24、欺诈行为43、Example of Contractsn Employment contracts 雇佣合同n Service Contracts 服务合同n Building Construction 建造合同n Insurance Contractsn Contract involving real propertyn Sale of Intangibles(stocks, bonds, patents, copyrights,etc)44、Expectation damages预期赔偿金Agreed upon remedies补救协议Equitable relief衡平救济45、Form
25、ation of contract合同的成立n contract formationn both parties to the contractn competent parties 有法定资格的主体，适格的主体/当事人n legal capacity / ability 法律能力， 法定资格，法定身份n mutual assent 合意 n meeting of the minds / mutuality of agreement 意思表示一致n invitation to treat / of offer要约邀请n counter offer反要约n firm offer 实盘n revo
26、cation (revoke) 撤销n rejection 拒绝n lapse 届满46、Performance of contractn grounds for non-performance of contracts n mistake n changed circumstances: impossibility and frustration of purpose 合同目的落空n force majeure 不可抗力n lack of (legal) capacity: minors 未成年人, mental deficiencyn duress 胁迫 and undue influen
27、ce 不当影响 n misrepresentation 误述,虚伪陈述n unconscionability 显失公平n contracts against public policy，illegal contracts (legality) 47、Breach of contract and remediesn compensatory damages 补偿性赔偿 vs. punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿n expectation loss 预期利益损失vs. reliance loss 依赖利益损失n liquidated damages 议定赔偿 vs. unliquidat
28、ed damages 未议定赔偿n specific performancen restitution remediesn repudiate, repudiation 拒绝履行n anticipatory repudiation 预期违约n repudiatory breach 毁约性违约 n suspend 中止n cancel （cancellation) / terminate (termination) / rescind (rescission) the contract 解除合同n mitigation of damagesn foreseeability48、categorie
29、sn unilateral contract 单务合同vs. bilateral contract 双务合同n express contract 明示合同vs. implied contract 默示合同n formal contact 要式合同vs. informal contract 不要式合同n valid, void, voidable contract 有效，无效，可撤销合同n quasi contract 准契约49、 claim vs. debt 债权，债务creditor vs. debtor 债权人，债务人physical loss vs. non-physical loss
30、 有形损失，无形损失 - e.g. loss of or damage to the goods, economical loss50、source / authority 法律渊源 leading case, leading authorityapply the rules of law todecide disputes , casesprior / past judicial / court decisions, casesordinances 条例，主要用于美国英语中 51、Primary source（首要法源） VS Secondary source（次要法源）52、the cas
31、e subjudice / under adjudicationfeel obliged to obligationregime of law be justified on two groundsjustificationpredictabilityascertainable rules of lawbinding on / uponthe case presented for decisionan appellate court of higher rank (level) in the same jurisdictionmaterial facts, circumstancesoverr
32、ule the earlier decision, overrulingretroactively 有溯及力的 the parties to the earlier casethe case under decision / adjudicationgeneral applicationenactStatute of Fraudsevidenced by a signed writingenforceablerevisionUniform Commercial Codegovern, regulatereasoningbe bound to follow the provisions of a
33、 valid statutelegislaturemodify or eliminateascertain / find construction, interpretationlegislative debates, committee reportspromulgationin draft formsectionforce of law- a statute or a court decision has the justifycite, quotejudicial discretion54、 Under the common law system:a. Judicial views/op
34、inions: judicial decisions (primary authority, the law itself)b. Legal commentary: commentary by legal scholars (secondary authority, NOT the law)treatise vs. treatyreported decisions of American courtspropose solutions for unresolved issues / disputes56、Intentional tortNegligence or negligent tortS
35、trict liability tort57、Personal tortProperty tort58、 maritime tortthe law of torts, contracts (tort law, contract law)damage claimsplaintiff vs. defendantbe entitled to do sth.attorneycompensation and damages actual loss vs. intangible damage intangible damage: e.g. mental damagerecovery, recover ve
36、rdictaction, proceedingaward n. , v. ( a verdict, money, damages, compensation )the injured party, the aggrieved party, the offended party, the victim, the sufferer the tortfeasor, the wrongdoer, the offender, the offending partypersonal injury or death (loss of life)recovery of damages, to recover
37、damagestort, contract claims59、Conversion非法占有财产 Personal injury人身伤害Implied contract默示合同Breach of warranty违背保证诺言60、be liable / responsible fortortious actact as ones agentexpress statutory provisionsabolishstate immunity61、in limited form also children （however, parents only then when they acted as t
38、he childs agent or did not comply with their duty to supervise）,在有限的情况下儿童亦然（但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责）62be protected against provide, provisionsthird partiesa claim against sb.contribute to63、由引起，产生于，来自于 arising out of / from originating from growing out of resulting from caused by derive /
39、 stem / come from64、Everyone is protected against tortious act, including the embryo. 每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为的伤害。65、 The heirs or next of kin may have a damage claim for the intentional or negligent death of their relative or testator (wrongful death action )继承人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗嘱人因故意或疏忽侵权造成的死亡（非正常死亡之诉）提出损害赔
40、偿要求。66、 A party injured as a result of the intoxication of the tortfeasor has a claim against him who contributed to the tortfeasors intoxication.作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的当事人有权向造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。67、 大体上in the main 、by and large、in general、in principle、in the gross、on the whole 、as a rule、for the most part
41、68、Intentional TortsBattery 殴打Assault 侵犯他人身体Conversion of property 非法侵占财产False imprisonment 非法拘禁Trespass to personal and real property 侵占动产、不动产Defamation 诽谤Invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权Products liability 产品质量责任69、Intentional Tortsconversion: unauthorized use of propertytrespass to personal and real prop
42、ertynuisanceintentional torts against personintentional torts against propertyInfliction of mental distress / damage70、tort liability for negligencecausality, causationfactors / elements / requirements / conditions / prerequisites / requisites comply with / observe / follow duty of careobjective(ly)
43、 vs. subjective(ly)prudentrestrictive interpretationowe the duty toward gratuitouslycontributory negligence defenseassume（assumption of ) the riskcomparative negligence last clear chance71、Guest statutes 宾客法规72、Contributory negligence 共同过失73、Comparative negligence比较过失74、Strict Liability严格责任No fault无
44、过错责任75、rebuttable presumption deduce fault or negligence fromshow / prove / establish / demonstratewithout regard toin view of 76、The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur 不言自明原则77、fault(-based) principleadoptinsurance premiumsinsurance proceeds liability insurance vs. property insurance cover the risk 投保风险
45、litigationvicarious liability 替代责任vicariously liablejoint and several liability 连带责任jointly and severally liablejoint torts 共同侵权nominal damages 名义上的轻微赔偿compensatory damages 补偿性赔偿- economic loss vs. non-economic losspunitive damages 惩罚性赔偿standard of care 注意标准reasonable care 合理注意proximate cause vs. re
46、mote cause78partisan advocacy (偏向式辩护）the two opposing sides/parties(对立双方）79、question-and-answer methodthe opposing side, the opposing counselObject, your honor, irrelevant.(The objection is )overruled /sustained.反对被驳回/支持You may proceed.继续present the casethroughout the proceedingsjudgmentlitigation, litigator, litigantjudicially developed doctrinesregulate / governparamountexisting 现行的
