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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上国际能源机构的用电需求管理计划 Promoting Energy Efficiency and Demand-Side Management for global sustainable development and for business opportunities. 促进能源效率和需求侧管理为全球可持续发展和商业机会。 TheDemand-Side Management (DSM) Programme is one of more than 40 co-operative energy technology programmeswithin the frame
2、work ofthe International Energy Agency (IEA).需求侧管理（DSM）的计划是40多个合作项目之一的能源技术在国际能源机构（IEA）框架。 Since 1993, the IEA DSM Programme has worked to develop andpromote tools and information on demand-side management and energy efficiency.自1993年以来，国际能源机构用电需求管理计划一直致力于开发和推广工具和需求方的信息管理和能源效率。 As a result of this co
3、llaborative work between countries in Asia, Europe and North America, the programme has created a tool box of resources and information for governments, utilities and energy companies to help them incorporate DSM measures in their energy policies and activities.由于这种国家间在亚洲，欧洲和北美的协同工作的结果，该方案已经创建了一个工具，
4、资源和政府信息框，公用事业和能源公司，以帮助他们纳入其能源政策和活动的用电需求管理措施。 Thus, for whoever wants to develop or use demand side management activities or related policies and for whatever purposes, the IEA DSM Programme should be the natural first resource to consult to make use of experiences learned and to further develop DSM
5、and Energy Efficiency tools.因此，无论谁想要开发或使用需求方管理活动或相关的政策和为任何目的，国际能源机构的用电需求管理计划应是自然的第一资源，以进行磋商，以使利用的经验教训和进一步发展帝斯曼和能源效率的工具。 Strategic Plan for the IEA Demand-Side Management Programme 2008-2012.战略计划，国际能源机构的需求侧管理方案2008-2012年。 I NTRODUCTION 我导论 Demand Side Management (DSM) was widely discussed in the 1980
6、s as the alternative to supply side “overspending” in energy systems.需求侧管理（DSM）的广泛讨论，作为替代1980年的供应方“挥霍能源系统”。 In the US DSM was carefully regulated with detailed procedures for investigating cost-effectiveness, rate-impact, programme deliveries, availability for different groups of customers.在美国帝斯曼进行了
7、仔细的调查与成本效益，利率的影响，方案的交付，为客户提供不同类别的详细程序规管。 Public Utility Commissions had hearings with advocates from both sides.公共设施委员会曾与双方主张听证会。 Outside the US the application was in most countries less formal but the basic idea was the same; that the least-cost option for the energy system performance should be c
8、hosen when more supply or less demand were compared on equal terms.在美国以外的应用程序在大多数国家是不太正式，但基本思想是相同的，这在为能源系统的性能成本最低的选择时，应选择更多的供应或需求少了平等的条件比较。 The “Negawatthour” (NWh) was made the conceptual alternative to the Megawatthour (MWh).The solutions were focusing on two issues, one was to reduce the demand f
9、or energy (conservation) and the other was to shift demand from peak periods to off-peak periods (load-management).该“Negawatthour”（NWh）作了概念替代Megawatthour（兆瓦时）。该解决方案是在两个问题为重点，一个是减少对能源的需求（维护），另一个是转移高峰期的需求为关闭繁忙时间（负载管理）。 Both measures motivated by a concern for resource optimisation.通过资源优化为动机的这两项措施的关注。
10、Energy economics is no longer the only market or policy driver that it was when the IEA DSM Programme began.能源经济学已不再是唯一的市场或政策的驱动程序，这是国际能源机构的用电需求管理计划时开始。 Environmental concerns, global climate change and grid/system reliability and security have become even more important market and policy issues Awa
11、reness and concern among business-actors, decision-makers and in the public has grown tremendously.环境问题，全球气候变化和网格/系统的可靠性和安全已经成为更加重要的市场和政策问题的意识和业务参与者的关注，决策者和公众就突飞猛进。 In addition technology opportunities are developing and allow more sophisticated means to apply intelligence and communication in the p
12、ower systems and also to make use of small scale renewable resources in solutions integrated with DSM.除了技术发展的机会，让更先进的手段，适用于电力系统的情报和沟通，也使在与帝斯曼集成解决方案小规模的可再生资源的使用。 Market liberalisation has also changed the conditions and DSM has developed accordingly.市场自由化也改变了发展的条件和相应的用电。 Subject to the circumstances
13、of market and regulatory regime this change has been different in the different countries of the world.受市场情况和监管制度这一变化已在世界不同国家的不同。 The basic idea and its implementation, however, is evolving due to new technological possibilities and to requirements regarding energy security and environmental sustain
14、ability of systems.它的基本思路和实施，但是，由于新技术不断发展的可能性，并要求在能源安全和系统的环境可持续性。 Energy Efficiency remains and grows in importance, having the most economic and greatest potential to reduce costs and environmental impact, but also “cursed” with being invisible and delivered in small packages.能源效率仍然和重要性的增加，最经济和最有潜力
15、，以降低成本和对环境的影响，但也“诅咒”是无形的，在与小包装后交付。 To overcome these problems, DSM is a deployment concept for energy efficiency whereby the small resources are aggregated into larger programmes to make the needed impact and to make the “product” visible and attractive both to governments, industry and customers.为了
16、克服这些问题，帝斯曼是一个能源效率的部署概念，小的资源聚合成更大的方案，以进行必要的影响，使“产品”看得见的和有吸引力的包括政府，行业和客户。 In the 21st century, with the imperative demand to create sustainable energy systems in order to prevent climate change and at the same time to provide for more welfare to more people, DSM has to be re-invented as a tool.在21世纪，迫
17、切要求建立可持续能源系统，以防止气候变化和在同一时间提供更多的福利，更多的人，帝斯曼已被重新作为一种工具的发明。 In doing so, we will certainly also find that wide application of DSM fosters more efficient and more innovative energy technologies for global markets.这样做，我们也一定会发现，帝斯曼的广泛应用促进更有效和更创新的全球市场的能源技术。 The IEA DSM Programme, Raison Dtre.国际能源机构的用电需求管理计
18、划，存在的理由。 Demand Side Management (DSM) refers to all changes that originates from the demand side of the market in order to achieve large scale energy efficiency improvements by deployment of improved technologies. 需求侧管理（DSM） 是指所有的变化，源于市场的需求方面，以实现大规模的能源效率改进技术以改善部署。 Depending on market organisation in
19、 each country such changes involves different actors.根据市场组织的这种变化涉及到每个国家不同的角色。 In many cases the utilities play an active role.在许多情况下，事业发挥了积极作用。 The IEA Demand-side Management (DSM) Programme is responsive to the energy policies, programs and market needs of the participating countries, and as they c
20、ontinue to change, so must the Programme change.国际能源机构的需求方管理（DSM）的计划是顺应能源政策，方案和参与国家的市场需求，并为他们继续发生变化，因此必须改变计划。 Since the DSM Programme began in the early 1990s, the energy sector has changed dramatically in many participating countries, but the vast potential for improvement on the demand side remain
21、s largely untapped.由于用电需求管理计划在20世纪90年代初开始，能源部门发生了巨大变化，许多国家参与，但对改善需求方面的巨大潜力在很大程度上尚未开发。 The IEA DSM Programme is neutral to the structure of the energy sector and remains prepared to deliver the research requested to suit the needs and interests of participants.国际能源机构是中立的用电需求管理计划的能源部门的结构，并且仍然愿意提供研究的要求
22、，以适应需要和参与者的利益。 To do this the Programme must closely follow the developments of the market from both a government and business perspective as well as track the changing stakeholder situation.要做到这一点的方案必须紧跟无论从政府和企业的角度对市场的发展，以及不断变化的利益相关者的追踪情况。 Working on the demand side is more important than ever.在需求方
23、面的工作比以往更加重要。 Deployment of the technologies and diffusion of efficient products are key issues for success.的技术和高效率的产品扩散的部署是成功的关键问题。 There is a definite need to consider with whom and how, in order to address more appropriately the stakeholders that can make a difference, be they governments, agencie
24、s, industry, end-users, utilities or NGOs.有明确的需要与谁和如何考虑，以解决更多的利益相关者，可以适当地发挥作用，无论是政府，机构，行业，最终用户，公用事业或非政府组织。 A global exchange of experiences is of great importance in order for countries to develop both models for implementation that facilitates trade across borders and create a base for facilitating
25、/enabling technologies to be developed, produced, shipped and used in a way that improves their performance and makes the cost for the applications acceptable.全球性的经验交流，以便为国家制定实施有利于跨越国界的贸易，创造一个促进基地/使待开发，生产，发运和方式，提高其性能和使用的技术非常重要的两个模型为使应用成本可以接受的。 The IEA DSM-Programme can provide such a global platform
26、 for development.国际能源机构的用电，计划才能为发展提供这样一个全球平台。 Countries have different terminology for DSM-measures and the IEA DSM-Programme tries to cover them and address them correctly. 各国有，方案的不同术语用电，用电需求管理措施和国际能源机构，并试图掩盖他们正确地解决这些问题。 We work with both Energy Efficiency measures that affect the load level and wi
27、th Load Management measures that motivates and requires Demand Response to affect the load shape and especially the peak load.我们与这两个能源效益措施，影响负荷水平和负荷管理措施，激励和影响，需要需求响应负载的形状，特别是高峰负荷。 See also Appendix 1.另见附录1。 Vision视力 The main issues for countries participating in the DSM Programme are:在用电需求管理计划参加国的主要
28、问题是： 1. 1。 Security of supply.安全供应。 It is important to have measures, such as “demand response”, to reduce peaks and/or level loads over a time period.它是重要的，如“需求响应”的措施，以减少高峰和/或在一段时间内的水平荷载。 Reducing energy demand is also a means to diversify supply since it is easier to find alternative supply for a
29、lower level of demand and thereby being less dependent on large generation and distribution systems.减少能源需求的一种手段，也是供应多样化，因为它更容易找到一个较低层次的需求，从而替代供应正在减少对大型发电和配电系统的依赖程度。 Distributed generation could be a solution to a “demand side problem” and should be considered in achieving the goals of a Least-Cost s
30、ystem.分布式发电可能是一种“需求方的问题解决方案”，并应在实现最低成本制度的目标考虑。 2. 2。 Reduction of green-house gas emissions.减少温室气体的排放。 Reducing the demand and/or shifting demand from a system supplied with a carbon-intensive fuel to a “carbon-lean” system is a way of achieving environmental targets notably the climate targets that
31、 are codified in the Kyoto Agreement.需求减少和/或将注意力从碳密集型燃料，以一个“碳精益”系统提供一个系统的需求是实现显着的气氛，同时在京都协议中的环境指标的方式编纂的目标。 The DSM toolbox holds the necessary tools for both these issues and can: DSM的工具箱为持有这些问题和必要的工具可以： - Reduce the demand peaks, especially when utilisation of power comes close to its limits of - 降
32、低需求高峰，尤其是当用电，几乎将其限制 availability可用性 - Shift the loads between times of day or even seasons - 转移之间的一天，甚至是次负荷季节 - Fill the demand valleys to better utilise existing power resources - 填写的需求，更好地利用现有的山谷电力资源 - Reduce overall demand (strategic saving) in the context of delivering the required energy servic
33、es - 降低整体需求（战略保存）在提供服务方面所需要的能源 by use of less energy (and not a reduction in services).以较少的能源（而不是减少服务的使用）。 - Provide strategic growth especially to shift between one type of supply to another with more - 提供策略性增长，特别是转移1至更多的供应型向另一 favourable characteristics, for example, in terms of the environment有利的
34、特征，例如，在环境条件 Accordingly, the vision of the IEA DSM Programme during the period 2008-2012 is that:因此，国际能源机构的用电需求管理计划在2008-2012年期间设想是： Demand side activities should be active elements and the first choice in all energy policy decisions designed to create more reliable and more sustainable energy syste
35、ms . 需求方的活动应积极分子和可持续能源系统的第一选择更多所有能源政策决定，旨在创造更可靠和 Explanatory note: Demand side options have to be expressed in terms of, and made available as, equal to supply side options in order to facilitate a comparison. 解释性说明：需求方的选择，必须在以下方面表示，并提供作为，等于供应方的选择，以方便比较。 An energy system with a low demand requires l
36、ess energy and facilitates the expanded use of renewable energy.一个低需求的能源系统需要较少的能源，促进可再生能源的扩大使用。 The lower demand and the greater use of renewable resources should be promoted as a way to arrive at sustainable supply.较低的需求和更广泛使用可再生资源，应提倡，以此来达到可持续供应。 Mission使命 The DSM-Programme should deliver appropri
37、ate and enabling tools for its participants to fulfil the vision.在DSM -方案应该提供适当的和有利的工具，以履行其参与者的远见。 Countries have chosen different ways to organize their energy markets.国家选择不同的方式来安排自己的能源市场。 Market and actors are nowadays more fragmented, and in many cases with a less defined responsibility for the c
38、omplex whole.市场与演员如今越来越分散，在很多情况下与一个复杂的整体较少规定的责任。 The execution of DSM-activities must involve new actors and make use of new technologies.在帝斯曼，活动的执行，必须有新的行动者和利用新技术的使用。 In many countries there is a wish to make use of DSM in more commercial terms and to ensure that delivery of services can be commerc
39、ially adapted.在许多国家，是想使更多的商业条款进行使用和用电需求管理，以确保提供的服务可以是商业调整。 Regardless of the organisational structure there is a need for countries to develop a regulatory regime that appoints responsibility for resource adequacy. Such control of the ability to handle systems may deliver the following benefits: The
40、 Load Shape perspective无论组织结构有需要国家制定一个规管制度，指定责任资源充足。 以下好处这种控制的能力，处理系统可提供： 的荷载形状角度 - Less Price Volatility by improving short term price elasticity - 减少价格波动，改善短期的价格弹性 - Improved System Reliability by reducing peaks and adding to safety margins - 提高系统可靠性，减少高峰和增加安全系数 - Enhanced System security by reduc
41、ing dependency on vulnerable supply resources - 增强系统安全性，减少对资源的依赖脆弱的供应 - Improved Restoration capacity by dispatching in/after emergency situations - 提高恢复能力的调度/后紧急情况 - Less costly network reinforcements since energy efficiency measures will be active alternatives - 减少代价高昂的网络增援，因为能源效率的措施将是积极的选择 - Dist
42、ributed generation as alternative to transmission lines. - 分布式发电作为替代传输线路。 - Improved operation and use of flowing renewable sources - 改进操作和使用可再生能源流动 - Elastic response as complement to competition - 弹性回应互补竞争 Countries should also be able to make assessment of the least-cost delivery of energy servic
43、es that includes both the demand and supply side , which may deliver the following benefits: The Load Level perspective国家也应该能够使方评估的需求和供给的最低成本提供能源服务，包括了这可能会带来以下好处： 的负荷水平角度 - Clear market conditions for energy service companies and performance contracting - 能源服务公司和业绩合同明确的市场条件 - Allocation of commitmen
44、ts and obligations that mobilises the appropriate set of tools, eg “White - 承诺和义务，调动了一套适当的工具分配，如“白 Certificates”证书“ - Organisation and targeting of support programmes for energy efficient products - 组织和支持的方案有针对性地安排节能产品 - Improved allocation of obligations for reduction of GHG emissions between secto
45、rs and countries - 改进分配温室气体的义务为各部门之间和国家减排 - Improved use of market communication mechanisms, eg standards and labels - 更好地利用市场的沟通机制，如标准和标签 - Input to how further research and support mechanisms should be distributed among actors. - 如何进一步研究的投入和支持机制应该行动者之间分配。 Closely linked to the issue of how DSM sho
46、uld be used, and by whom, is the overriding question: “How can DSM-measures be designed to deliver the substantial amounts of improvements necessary for fulfilment of the policy goals?”密切相关的用电，应如何使用的问题，由何人，是压倒一切的问题：“怎样才能用电，措施旨在改善提供了大量的政策目标实现的必要呢？” Large scale energy efficiency requires well co-ordin
47、ated deployment measures and programmes.大规模的能源效率要求以及统筹部署措施和方案。 Therefore, some of the issues to be considered are then:因此，一些问题要考虑那么： Impact. 影响。 The capacity for DSM measures to deliver what they promise. 用电需求管理能力的措施，以提供他们的承诺。 Actors and actor relations . 演员和演员的关系 。 Who are the new actors and what a
48、re their roles, including utilities, municipalities, agencies, regulators, ESCOs and of traditional companies working with installations and buildings.谁是新的演员和他们有什么作用，包括公用事业，城市，机构，监管机构，能源服务公司和与传统的设施和建筑公司工作。 Marketability of DSM . 市场化的用电需求管理 。 Can DSM measures be a commodity?可以用电需求管理措施是一种商品？ Customer
49、response. 顾客的反应。 How to design attractive incentives. 如何设计有吸引力的奖励。 Portfolios of measures . 投资组合的措施 。 What measures, such as standards, labels, tariffs, fiscal measures, information, and audits should be used, when and in what combinations?什么措施，如标准，标签，关税，财政措施，信息，应使用和审计，以及何时和以何种组合？ Technologies. How suitable are DSM technologies and how do they apply in different situations. 技术。如何适当的用电技术，以及它们如何适用于不同的情况。 Other forms of energy.其他能源形式。 Is DSM applic
