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1、Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled in Virginia in 1607 and lasted as a legal institution until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865.In part because of the success of tobacco in the Southern colonies,its labour-in
2、tensive character caused planters to import more slaves for labour by the end of the 17th century than did the northern colonies.The South had a significantly higher number and proportion of slaves in the population.,Peter,a slave from Baton Rouge,Louisiana,1863.The scars are a result of a whipping
3、by his overseer,who was subsequently fired by the master.It took two months to recover from the beating.,From 1654 until 1865,slavery for life was legal within the boundaries of much of the present United States.Most slaves were black and were held by whites,although some Native Americans and free b
4、lacks also held slaves;there were a small number of white slaves as well.The majority of slaveholding was in the southern United States where most slaves were engaged in an efficient machine-like gang system of agriculture,with farms of fifteen or more slaves featuring a higher factor of productivit
5、y compared to those farms without slaves.,Ninety-five percent of black people lived in the South,comprising one-third of the population there,as opposed to 2%of the population of the North.Despite being an efficient economic system,slavery did not spread northward due to the nature of the soil in th
6、e region and the types of crops typically produced there.At the time,principal importers of slaves were sugar and cotton growing regions.Both of these crops were more suitably farmed on plantations and in the soil of the southern regions.The wealth of the United States in the first half of the 19th
7、century was greatly enhanced by the labour of African Americans.,But with the Union victory in the American Civil War,the slave-labour system was abolished in the South.This contributed to the decline of the post-bellum Southern economy,but it was most affected by the continuing decline in the price
8、 of cotton through the end of the century.,Simon Legree and Uncle Tom:A scene from Uncle Toms Cabin,historys most famous abolitionist novel.,During Reconstruction,it was a serious question whether slavery had been permanently abolished or whether some form of semi-slavery would appear after the Unio
9、n armies left.A large civil rights movement arose to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans.,The Civil Rights Movement in the United States has been a long,primarily non-violent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans.The movement
10、has had a lasting impact on United States society,in its tactics,the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights,and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.The American Civil Rights movement has been made up of many movements.The term usually refers to the political struggles
11、 and reform movements between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African Americans and to end legal racial segregation,especially in the U.S.South.,The Supreme Courts decision in Plessy v.Ferguson(1896)upheld state-mandated discrimination in public transportation under the separate but equa
12、l doctrine.While in the 20th century,the Supreme Court began to overturn state statutes that disfranchised African Americans,it upheld segregation that Southern states enforced in nearly every other sphere of public and private life.,In many cities and towns,African-Americans were not allowed to sha
13、re a taxi with whites or enter a building through the same entrance.They had to drink from separate water fountains,use separate restrooms,attend separate schools,be buried in separate cemeteries and even swear on separate Bibles.They were excluded from restaurants and public libraries.Many parks ba
14、rred them with signs that read Negroes and dogs not allowed.One municipal zoo went so far as to list separate visiting hours.The etiquette of racial segregation was even harsher,particularly in the South.African Americans were expected to step aside to let a white person pass,and black men dared not
15、 look any white woman in the eye.Black men and women were addressed as Tom or Jane,but rarely as Mr.or Miss or Mrs.Whites referred to black men of any age as boy and a black woman as girl;both often were called by labels such as nigger or coloured.,Jackie Robinson stepped into the spotlight before m
16、any of the most notable people in the Civil Rights Movement history.He was a sports pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement,best known for becoming the first African American to play professional sports in the major leagues.Although he is not often recognized as a figure in the Civil Rights Movement,hi
17、s influence cannot be doubted.Robinson debuted with the Brooklyn Dodgers of Major League Baseball on April 15,1947.His first major league game came one year before the U.S.Army was integrated,eight years before Rosa Parks,and before Martin Luther King Jr.was leading the Civil Rights Movement.,During
18、 the last decade of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century,white vigilantes lynched thousands of black males,sometimes with the overt assistance of state officials,mostly within the South.No whites were charged with crimes in any of these killings.Whites were,in fact,so confident
19、 of their immunity from prosecution for lynching that they not only photographed the victims,but made postcards out of the pictures.,The Ku Klux Klan,which had largely disappeared after a brief violent career in the early years of Reconstruction,reappeared in 1915.It grew mostly in industrializing c
20、ities of the South and Midwest that underwent the most rapid growth from 1910-1930.Social instability contributed to racial tensions from severe competition for jobs and housing.People joined KKK groups who were anxious about their place in American society,as cities were rapidly changed by a combin
21、ation of industrialization,migration of blacks and whites from the rural South,and waves of increased immigration from mostly rural southern and eastern Europe.The KKKs revival was inspired in part by the movie Birth of a Nation,which glorified the earlier Klan and dramatized the racist stereotypes
22、concerning blacks of that era.The Klan focused on political mobilization,on a platform that combined racism with anti-immigrant,anti-Semitic,anti-Catholic and anti-union rhetoric,but also supported lynching.It reached its peak of membership and influence about 1925,declining rapidly afterward as opp
23、onents mobilized.,The experience of fighting as part of World War I,along with exposure to the different racial mores of Europe,made a tremendous impact on the black men who returned from the army,creating a widespread demand for equality they had fought for abroad.Those veterans found conditions at
24、 home as bad as ever;some were assaulted for having the impertinence of wearing their uniforms.This generation responded with a far more militant spirit than the generation before,urging blacks to fight back when whites attacked them.A.Philip Randolph introduced the term the New Negro in 1917;it bec
25、ame the catchphrase to describe the new spirit of militancy and impatience of the post-war era.,During the Great Migration,hundreds of thousands of African-Americans moved to northern industrial cities starting before World War I and through 1940.They were both fleeing violence and segregation and s
26、eeking jobs,as manpower shortages in war industries promised steady work.Continued depressed conditions in the farm economy of the South in the 1920s made the north look more appealing.Those expanding northern communities confronted familiar problemsracism,poverty,police abuse and official hostility
27、 but these were in a new setting,where the men could vote(and women,too,after 1920),and possibilities for political action were far broader than in the South.,After World War I,returning African-American veterans were spurred by their experiences to demand equality.One serviceman reportedly said tha
28、t I spent four years in the Army to free a bunch of Dutchmen and Frenchmen,and Im hanged if Im going to let the Alabama version of the Germans kick me around when I get home.No sirree-bob!I went into the Army a nigger;Im comin out a man.,Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott,19551956On December
29、1,1955,Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus to make room for a white passenger.Parks was arrested,tried,and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance.After word of this incident reached the black community,50 African-American leaders gathered and organized th
30、e Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a more humane bus transportation system.With the support of most of Montgomerys 50,000 African Americans,the boycott lasted for 381 days until the local ordinance segregating African-Americans and whites on public buses was lifted.Ninety percent of African American
31、s in Montgomery took part in the boycotts,which reduced bus revenue by 80%.A federal court ordered Montgomerys buses desegregated in November 1956,and the boycott ended in triumph.A young Baptist minister named Martin Luther King,Jr.,was president of the organization that directed the boycott.The pr
32、otest made King a national figure.His eloquent appeals to Christian brotherhood and American idealism created a positive impression on people both inside and outside the South.,The Civil Rights Movement received an infusion of energy with a student sit-in at a Woolworths store in Greensboro,North Ca
33、rolina.On February 1,1960,four students sat down at the segregated lunch counter to protest Woolworths policy of excluding African Americans.These protesters were encouraged to dress professionally,to sit quietly,and to occupy every other stool so that potential white sympathizers could join in.,Dur
34、ing the first and subsequent Freedom Rides,activists travelled through the Deep South to integrate seating patterns and desegregate bus terminals,including restrooms and water fountains.That proved to be a dangerous mission.In Anniston,Alabama,one bus was firebombed,forcing its passengers to flee fo
35、r their lives.In Birmingham,Alabama,an FBI informant reported that Public Safety Commissioner Eugene Bull Connor gave Ku Klux Klan or KKK members 15 minutes to attack an incoming group of freedom riders before having police protect them.The riders were severely beaten until it looked like a bulldog
36、had got a hold of them.,The 1963“March on Washington”was a collaborative effort of all of the major civil rights organizations,the more progressive wing of the labour movement,and other liberal organizations.The march had six official goals:meaningful civil rights laws,a massive federal works progra
37、m,full and fair employment,decent housing,the right to vote,and adequate integrated education.National media attention also greatly contributed to the marchs national exposure and probable impact.By carrying the organizers speeches and offering their own commentary,television stations literally fram
38、ed the way their local audiences saw and understood the event.,The march was a success,although not without controversy.An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial,where King delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech.After the march,King and other civil r
39、ights leaders met with President Kennedy at the White House.While the Kennedy Administration appeared sincerely committed to passing the bill,it was not clear that it had the votes in Congress to do it.But when President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22,1963,the new President Lyndon Johnson d
40、ecided to use his influence in Congress to bring about much of Kennedys legislative agenda.,Martin Luther King was finding himself at odds with factions of the Democratic Party,and he was also facing challenges from within the Civil Rights Movement to the two key tenets upon which the movement had b
41、een based:integration and non-violence.Black activists had been worried for some time at the influence wielded by white advisors to civil rights organizations and the disproportionate attention that was given to the deaths of white civil rights workers while black workers deaths often went virtually
42、 unnoticed.Stokely Carmichael became one of the earliest and most articulate spokespersons for what became known as the Black Power movement after he used that slogan in Greenwood,Mississippi on June 17,1966.,Several people engaging in the Black Power movement started to gain more of a sense in blac
43、k pride and identity as well.In gaining more of a sense of a cultural identity,several blacks demanded that whites no longer refer to them as Negroes but as Afro-Americans.Up until the mid-1960s,blacks had dressed similarly to whites and combed their hair straight.As a part of gaining a unique ident
44、ity,blacks started to wear loosely fit dashikis and had started to grow their hair out as a natural afro.The afro,sometimes nicknamed the fro,remained a popular black hairstyle until the late 1970s.,Black Power was made most public however by the Black Panther Party which founded in Oakland,Californ
45、ia,in 1966.This group followed ideology stated by Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam using a by-any-means necessary approach to stopping inequality.They sought to rid African American neighbourhoods of police brutality and had a ten-point plan amongst other things.Their dress code consisted of leathe
46、r jackets,berets,light blue shirts,and an afro hairstyle.They are best remembered for setting up free breakfast programs,referring to police officers as pigs,displaying shotguns and a black power fist,and often using the statement of Power to the people.“,Black Power was taken to another level of pu
47、blic attention when,in 1968,Tommie Smith and John Carlos,while being awarded the gold and bronze medals,respectively,at the 1968 Summer Olympics,donned human rights badges and each raised a black-gloved Black Power salute during their podium ceremony.Smith and Carlos were immediately ejected from th
48、e games by the USOC,and later the IOC issued a permanent lifetime ban for the two.However,the Black Power movement had been given a stage on live,international television.,1963August 28-March on Washington.Dr.Martin Luther King gives his“I have a dream”speech.November 22-President Kennedy is assassi
49、nated.1965Malcolm X is shot to death in Manhattan,New York.Bill Cosby co-stars in“I Spy”,a first for a black person on American television.1967The movie In the“Heat of the Night”is released,starring Sidney Poitier.The movie“Guess Whos Coming to Dinner”is released,also with Sidney Poitier.1968April 4
50、-Dr.Martin Luther King is shot and killed in Memphis,Tennessee.Diahann Carroll starred in the title role in“Julia”,as the first African American actress to star in her own television series where she did not play a domestic worker.Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their fists to symbolize black pow
