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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上填空：1. The conduction system of the heart consists of the sinoatrial (SA) node,bundle of His,atrioventricular(AV)node,the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.2. There are two basic forms of piezoresistive strain gauge：bonded and unbonded3. The respiratory system includes the mouth；nose；t
2、rachea/windpipe；bronchii；and lungs.4. The GI(Gastrointestinal) system takes in raw materials in the form of food and liquids and processes them so that they are absorbed into the body5. The nervous system is essential to the functioning of the human organism, which has been compared to a computer wi
3、th an electrical communications system6. The spinal cord is a complex cable of nerves that connects the brain to most of the rest of the body.7. Whereas the CNS is an electrical communications and control system within the body, the endocrine system is a chemical communicationscontrol system and aid
4、s in the regulation of internal body states.8. Endocrine glands produce hormones, chemical substances released into the bloodstream to guide such processes as metabolism, growth, and sexual development.9. Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart at the right atriumIt is then pumped into
5、 the right ventricle and out of the heart to the lungs.10. Blood is carried away from the heart in arteries and is brought back to the heart in veins.11. The upper chambers of the heart are inputs to the pumps and are called atriaThe lower chambers of the heart are called ventricles and are the pump
6、 outputs12. Blood from the head and arms，as well as the rest of the upper portion of the body, returns to the heart through the superior vena cava；blood from the lower portion of the body returns through the inferior vena cava.13. Blood leaves the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to enter th
7、e right ventricle.14. Blood passes through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and then back into the mainstream of the circulatory system via the aortic valve15. The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle.16. The heart is a muscle that is encased in a sac called the pericardium.17.
8、There are four valves within your heart. They are the mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonic valves.18. The ventricular contraction is known as systole.19. The ventricular relaxation is known as diastole.20. The muscle cells of the ventricles are actually excited by the Purkinje fibers. They are ar
9、ranged in two bundles, one branch to the left and one to the right.21. In ventricular fibrillation the major features of the ECG disappear and the waveform takes on a low amplitude, “jittery” appearance, indicating that the ventricles are not contracting but only quivering.22. The delay line in the
10、hearts electroconduction system is called AV node, and the delay is about 110 ms.23. Bionelectrodes are a class of sensors that transducer ionic conduction to electronic conduction so that the signal can be processed in electronic circuits.24. The microelectrode is an ultrafine device that is used t
11、o measure biopotentials at the cellular level25. A strain gauge is a resistive element that produces a change in its resistance proportional to all applied mechanical strain26. Three types of common temperature transducers are thermocouples, thermistors, and solid-state PN junctions.27. A thermistor
12、is is a type of with varying according to its .28. The colorimeter is a filter photometer that measures the color concentration of a substance in solution.29. The flame photometer measures the color intensity of a flame that is supported by oxygen and a specific substance.30. The most common cause o
13、f movement artifact in ECG recording is electrocde slippage.31. The resistance of a strain gauge varies directly as the length and inversely as the square of the cross-sectional area.32. The ability to maintain a constant internal environment in the body is called homeostasis33. The semipermeable me
14、mbrane selectively permits materials to pass between the inside of a cell and its external environment34. The three types of muscle cell in the body are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. 35. The skeletal system consists mostly of bones and some cartilage36. The longest and heaviest bone in the body is
15、the femur and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear.37. Transducer is a device that will convert some form of energy produced by a physical stimulus to an another of the stimulus.38. Transduction is the process of converting the transducible property into an electrical signal that can be
16、 input to an instrument 39. A passive sensor either provides its own energy or derives its energy from the phenomenon being measured.40. Sensor errors include five basic categories:insertion, application, characteristic, dynamic and environmental errors.41. Error inherent is the difference between t
17、he ideal published characteristic transfer function of the device and the actual characteristic. 42. Bioelectrodes are a class of sensors that transducer ionic conduction to electronic conduction so that the signal can be processed in electronic circuits. 43. Most such bioelectrical signals are acqu
18、ired from one of three forms of electrode: surface microelectrodes, indwelling microelectrodes, microelectrodes.44. The electrode half-cell potential becomes a serious problem in bioelectric signals acquisition because of the tremendous difference between the these dc potentials and the biopotential
19、s 45. The paste-on column electrode is used for longer-term recording or monitoring-such as continuous monitoring of a hospitalized patient in CCU&ICU. 46. Transducers differ from electrodes in that they use intervening transducible element to make the measurement, while electrodes directly acquire
20、the signal. 47. Thermistor relies on the change of electrical resistance of some materials undergoing temperature changes to measure temperature.48. There are two capacitors in the capsule of Quartz pressure sensors：a pressure capacitor and a reference capacitor49. The capacitance of a parallel plat
21、e capacitor varies directly with the plate area and inversely with the separation between the plates. 50. A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar conductors or semiconductors joined together at one end. 51. The photoelectric flame photometer is a device for routine determinations the concentration
22、 of Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) by measurement the color intensity of a flame. 52. The angle of the diffraction grating determines light wavelength if all other parameters are fixed for spectrophotometer.53. The autonomic nervous system operates mostly at the subconscious level.54. The sensory ner
23、vous system provides information on the external and internal environments. 55. The endocrine system is a chemical communications and control system within the body.56. The nervous system gathers，assimilates，and integrates data from the outside world，information on the state of internal organs.57. T
24、he upper and lower chambers of the heart are called atria and ventricles respectively.58. The superior and inferior vena cava return blood to the right atrium.59. The Tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.60. The ventricles are the heart chambers that are subjec
25、t to the highest pressures.61. Atrial fibrillation is an arrhythmia in which the upper chambers of the heart quiver rather than beat. 62. An electrical potential is generated across a cell wall because of a difference in charge gradient.63. The SA node is the hearts pacemaker.64. Heart block occurs
26、when the internal electro-conduction system of the heart is interrupted or significantly impeded. 65. When an electrical triggering signal is received, the heart will contract which starting in the atria.翻译：1. The resistance element of unbonded strain gauges is a thin wire of a special alloy that is
27、 stretched taut between two flexible supports. Unbonded strain gauges can be constructed so that they are linear over a wide range of a applied force but are very delicate. The bonded strain gauge, on the other hand, is generally more rugged but is linear over a smaller range of forces. Many biomedi
28、cal strain gauge transducers are of bonded construction because the linear range is adequate and the extra ruggedness is a desirable feature in medical environments, where people cannot take the kind of precautions that would be required if a more delicate type were used.无粘结应变仪的电阻元件是一种有2个灵活的支架可以拉长拉紧
29、的特殊合金薄丝。这种合金具有良好的伸展性。无粘结应变仪可以被做到线性度范围大，来测更大范围的应变力，但是十分的精致。从另一方面将，粘结式应变仪应用的更多一些，但是线性度上只能满足小范围的应变。因为粘结式应变仪的线性度足够大，所以许多应用的在生物医学方面的应变仪是粘结式的。2. A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar conductors or semiconductors joined together at one end. Because the work functions of the two materials are different,
30、 a potential will be generated when this junction is heated.一个热电偶温度计的一端包括2个相异的导体和半导体。因为2种材料的工作职能是不同的，所以当交界处被加热时会产生电势。3. The human heart is located in the upper middle portion of the chest. Although many people believe that the heart is clearly on the left side of the body, it is actually a little mo
31、re centered with the lower tip pointed toward the left hip. About one third of the heart lies to the right of the midline of the body; the rest lies to the left. The heart is a muscle that is encased in a sac called the pericardium. This double layer of tissue helps the heart stay in position and pr
32、otects it from harm. The pericardium creates a lubricating fluid on its inside surface so that the friction between it and the heart walls is reduced, allowing the heart to beat freely within the walls of the sac.人的心脏位于胸腔上部的中间部分。尽管许多人相信心脏明显是在身体的左侧，但是它实际上更靠近指向左髋关节的较低的尖端部。大约三分之一的心脏位于身体中线的左侧，其余的位于左侧。心脏
33、是心包包囊下的肌肉。这种双层组织可以帮助心脏保持在正确的位置，并保护心脏免受伤害。心包内具有润滑液，可以使心脏与心壁的摩擦减少，从而使心脏跳动自如。4. The column electrode does fairly well in overcoming the motion artifact, but even so it is often necessary for the medical staff conducting the test to clean and gently abrade the skin at the site where the electrode is att
34、ached.柱状电极很好的克服了运动伪影。尽管如此，进行测试的医务人员同样需要对解除电极的皮肤进行清洁和按摩。5. Surface electrodes are those that are placed in contact with the skin of the subjectAlso in this category are certain needle electrodes of a size that prevents their being inserted inside a single cell which a microelectrode is. Surface elect
35、rodes(other than needle electrodes) vary in diameter from 0.3 to 5cm, with most being in the 1-cm range. Human skin tends to have a very high impedance compared with other voltage sources. In any event, one must treat surface electrodes as a very high impedance voltage source - a fact that seriously
36、 influences the design of biopotentials amplifier input circuit.表明电极6. The colorimeter is a filter photometer that measures the color concentration of a substance in solution. This is accomplished electronically by detecting the color light intensity passing through a sample containing the reaction
37、products of the original substance and a reagent. A yellow urine sample, for example, passes yellow light and absorbs blue and green. For this reason, and to obtain purity in measurement, optical color filters are used to select a narrow wavelength spread(bandwidth) of light that shines on the photo
38、detectors. Laser light-emitting diodes are also used and are preferred if the wavelength is suitable.7. Thermistors are resistors that are designed to change value in a predictable manner with changes in temperature. A positive temperature coefficient (PTC) device increases resistance with increases
39、 in temperature, while a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) device decreases resistance with increases in temperature.热敏电阻是电阻是一种电阻值岁温度变化而变化的电阻。正我温度系数（PTC）电阻随温度的升高而变大。而负温度系数（NTC）器件电阻值随温度升高而减少。8. By international scientific agreement, the zero reference point when making half-cell potential measur
40、ements is the hydrogen-hydrogen(H-H) electrode, which is assigned a half-cell potential of zero volts by convention. All other electrode half-cell potentials are measured against the H-H zero reference. The half-cell potentials cited for any given electrode are the differential potential between the
41、 actual electrode and the H-H reference electrode. The electrode offset potential will be zero when the two electrodes are made of identical materials, which is the usual case in bioelectric sensing.通过国际科学协议，按照国际惯例，在进行半电池电位测量时，零参考点是氢氢电极。所有其他的电极半电池电位的零点以氢氢电极为参考。该半电池电极电位为9. The ventricular contraction
42、 commences immediately after the R wave on the ECG. The ventricular pressure increases to a level greater than atrial pressure, forcing shut the tricuspid and mitral valves. These valve closures give rise to the first heart sound. The ventricles will begin to relax following the peak of systole, and
43、 the ventricular pressure will begin to drop. When the ventricular pressure is less than the pressure in the arteries, the respective valves will close. During this period of pressure reversal, blood attempts to flow back into the ventricles. The valve closure and blood flow dynamics at this time gi
44、ve rise to the second heart sound.10. It would not be desirable for the ventricles to contract in response to an action potential before the atrial are empty of their contents. A delay is needed, therefore, to prevent such an occurrence; this is the function of the AV node. At 45cm/s the action pote
45、ntial will reach the AV node 30 to 50ms after the SA node discharges, but another 110ms will pass before the pulse is transmitted form the AV node. The AV node, then, operates like a delay line to retard the advance of the action potential along the internal electroconduction system toward the ventr
46、icles.11. The different parts of the ECG waveform are designated by letters. The P-wave indicates atrial contraction; ventricular systole occurs immediately following the QRS complex, and a refractory period is indicated by the T-wave.12. Insertion errors occurs during the act of inserting the senso
47、r into the system being measuredThis is a general problem with electronic measurements，indeed，with all measurementsFor example, when measuring the voltage in a circuit, one must be certain that the inherent impedance of the voltmeter is much larger than the circuit impedance; otherwise circuit loadi
48、ng will occur, and the reading will be in significant error. Possible sources of this form of error include using a transducer that is too large for the system(e.g., pressures)，one that is too sluggish for the dynamics of the system，or one that self-heats to the extent that excessive thermal energy
49、is added to the system.13. When the muscle fibers of the myocardium is in contraction, the volume of the ventricular chamber is less, so blood is squeezed out. The contraction of so many muscle cells at one time creates a mass electrical signal that can be detected by electrodes placed on the surface of the patients chest or the patients extremities. This electrical dis
