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1、工厂污水调查报告组长：贾子先 组员：霍云龙，马怡飞，高渝松，林峰 苏世烟本次调查分为两个部分，一是文献调研，即当今水污染的现状及其危害；二是实地调查报告。首先要说一下的是我们的调查历程：我们的组员凭借满腔热情，充分利用“五一”假期时间，借助探亲访友的机会，依靠已有的化学知识，圆满完成了计划的课题任务。我们对厦门、泉州、晋江、青岛、深圳、北京、建阳等大小不一，发展各异的六个城市的八个工厂进行了调查，这其中有完整的，有不完整的，有成功的，有失败的，有详尽的，有简略的。我们主要依靠亲朋关系展开调查，但也不乏兜个相机偷偷拍照时，被一工厂的保安抓了起来，费了九牛二虎之力才得以脱身。当然，我们的辛勤成果并
2、没有白费，下面我们将对调查结果进行论述一、当今水污染现状1.1 不同水域的污染情况：据中国环境状况公报和水利部门报告显示，1997年，我国七大水系、湖泊、水库、部分地区地下水受到不同程度的污染，在所评价的5万多公里河段中，受污染的河道占42，其中污染极为严重的河道占12。全国七大水系的水质继续恶化。长江江面上成堆的垃圾已严重妨碍了葛洲坝水电站的正常运行，黄河面临污染和断流的双重压力，海滦河水系污染严重，总体水质较差，大淡水湖泊和城市湖泊均为中度污染，水库污染相对较轻。1.2污染来源 1997年，全国污水排放量约416亿吨，其中45来源于城市生活污水，55为工业废水（图1）。在淮河流域约有75的
3、化学需氧量来自工业废水，其余来自生活污水。工业水污染主要来自造纸业、冶金工业、化学工业以及采矿业等等。而在一些城市和农村水域周围的农产品加工和食品工业，如酿酒、制革、印染等，也往往是水体中化学需氧量和生物需氧量的主要来源。1.3 污染危害水污染危害人体健康、渔业和农业生产（通过被污染的灌溉水），也增加了清洁水供应的支出。水污染还会对生态系统造成危害水体富营氧化以及动植物物种的损失。一些疾病与人体接触水污染有关，包括腹水、腹泻、钩虫病、血吸虫、沙眼及线虫病等。改善供水卫生条件可以极大地减少此类疾病的发病率和危害程度，同时也可减少幼儿因腹泻而导致的死亡。目前，我国的城市卫生系统正处于过渡时期-由于
4、化肥的广泛使用以及农村收入的提高，用于农业的粪便收集系统已基本消失了，城市污水总量随城市人口的增长而上升，但现代化的污水收集和处理系统尚未形成。这种情况可能会导致全国范围，尤其是北方地区的肠道疾病发病率的增加。1.4 污染危害的经济价值根据世界银行研究表明，目前，中国大气和水污染造成的损失价值，如果按支付意愿价值估计，约为540亿美元年。约占1995年GDP的8。而用人力资本价值估计，大气和水污染造成的损失每年则为240亿美元，占GDP的3.5。 二、工厂污水处理实地调查2.1 实地调查结果我们首先对工厂污水现状进行了文献调研，然后对国内各地的工厂污水处理的情况进行了调查，主要是小组成员利用假
5、期在各自的家乡及附近县市进行的。第一站：太古可口可乐有限公司我们调查的第一站是厦门太古可口可乐有限公司，我们发现这里是设备齐全，操作严格，处理过的污水甚至可以用来养金鱼，这让我们全体组员大为惊叹。下面是我们拍摄下来的该工厂的处理过后的污水。太古有限公司经处理后准备排放的水第二站：福建建阳小型工厂调查的第二站是福建建阳小型工厂。我们调查了一家造纸厂，一家电池厂，一家木材加工场，发现它们的污水处理原理和太古可口可乐公司的相同，设备则简陋许多，不过仍可以使处理后的污水达到国家排放标准。当地的造纸，电池，木材加工等企业，都能产生酸碱度极高并且含各种重金属离子的污水。一些小工厂虽然有污水处理设备，但其作
6、用只是为了应付检查，其它时间都不运行。当地政府部门的腐败助长了这一风气。当地政府目光短浅只重视它们带来的税收，却不关注其严重的污染。沉淀池？垃圾池？ 一造纸厂正在排放的污水第三站：青岛农村随着城市工业废水排放问题的日益严重，农村工业废水污染问题也日益引起了我们的关注。农村受工业污染后，不仅有环境的破坏，生态平衡的失调方面的问题，它还有一个特有的问题，就是造成土地的污染。土地被工业污染后，一般会肥力下降，种上庄稼，长得无精打采，甚至颗粒无收。而且，这种土地生产的粮食，其可食用性也大受怀疑。对农民而言，如果没有了土地，他们还剩下什么？他们要靠辛勤耕作一年得到的粮食去卖钱，尽管也只有少得可怜的一点钱
7、。他们也要生活，也要养家糊口，也要供孩子上学啊！当你看到一个老汉看着自己田里一株株死掉的农作物而泪流满面时，你是什么感觉呢？未被污染的土地上产的青椒被侵蚀的土地上产的青椒农村工业废水污染的特点是规模小，污染物不经任何处理，直接排入河道或农田中，危害极大，无监督机制使生产者可以无法无天。农村污染的现状是：（1）土地正在大量的被污染。（2）政府的缺位。政府应加强对农村污染的监管力度，加强农民的环保意识。我们的调查显示：（1）大型企业较小企业、小工业污水处理的情况要好得多。在调查的第一站，设备齐全，操作严格。而在一些小工厂中，设备简陋，并且有的设备只开一半，有的干脆不开，放任污水自生自灭。（2）其次
8、大城市的情况也较小城市好，北京、深圳、青岛的情况要比泉州、晋江要好一些。（3）工业化的农村污染尤其严重。在调查过程中我们所做的：（1）拨打过青岛和建阳的市长公开电话，尽管不知道我们诚恳的建议会不会引起注意。（2）向小工厂的老板提过建议，可差点挨打，难道他们的眼中只有“钱”？（3）向亲戚朋友 建议过使用无磷洗衣粉。我们能够做的：（1） 使用无磷洗衣粉。（2） 回收实验废液和药品。（3） 建议亲戚朋友改掉生活中一些不好的做法。（4） 努力学习，研究出更廉价的处理污水的方法。2.2工厂污水处理流程据我们调查，工厂废水的处理过程大多大同小异，其主要流程如图2.所示：调节池污水提升泵反应池初沉池曝气池二
9、淀池剩余污泥池污泥泵鼓风机回流污泥池回流污泥泵投药间反应槽污泥泵吸泥池污泥浓缩池污泥脱水机排放干泥外运或燃烧酸碱PAMPAC上清液（含需氧微生物）剩余污泥PAC当仅一级处理时投放消泡剂NP污水流程图（供氧）二级处理一级处理图2.工业污水处理流程图污水处理站各项准备工作按规定完成后，系统即可投入运行，其运行操作步骤如下：（1） 将车间生产废水引入调节沉淀池，经除去废木县委，泥沙和均衡水质，水量（沉淀池中的泥沙定期处理）。（2） 启动搅拌器，打开碱液配制罐出口阀，向调节池加入适量的碱液，以调节废水的PH值79为宜。（3） 打开絮凝剂配制罐出口阀，向调节池中加入絮凝剂（PAC），而后取水样观察絮凝效
10、果。将所取水样静置1015分钟后，水与污泥分层清晰，絮状物在水中很快沉淀到底，即絮凝剂加入量刚好。（注：PAC-聚合氯化铝、碱式氯化铝，该产品为无机高分子化合物，是介于AlCI3和Al(OH)3之间的产物，通过羟基架桥聚合，分子中带有数量不等羟基，其化学通式为AI2(OH)NCI6-NM。颜色成黄色或淡黄色、深褐色、深灰色树脂状固体。固体产品中氧化铝含量为29%以上，碱化度65-85%。该产品有较强的架桥吸附性能，水解过程中，伴随发生电化学、凝聚、吸附和沉淀等物理化学过程，聚合氯化铝易吸潮。）（4） 先关闭絮凝沉淀池的排污阀后，在打开絮凝沉淀池的清夜出口阀，接着启动1#或2#污水提升泵（即自吸
11、泵）将污水送如沉淀池中，经沉淀分离后，从沉淀池上清夜出口自流入曝气池。（5） 在曝气池中加入少量含需氧细菌的污泥,同时加入消泡剂、含有N,P的有机物(作为需氧菌初期的营养剂),并用鼓风机不断鼓入空气以促使需氧菌的生长。（6） 当池水变清后，打开清水排放阀将水排入二级沉淀池中。（7） 污水在二级沉淀池进一步沉淀后,可以排入外下水道。（8） 污泥的压滤。A 打开沉淀池底排排污阀，泥浆泵和压滤机的进出口阀，使污泥进入污泥浓缩池，而后启动泥浆泵将含水污泥打入吸泥池，滤水自流回调节池中。B 水污泥进入吸泥池后，打开污泥泵，使之进入反应槽。加入PAC、PAM后，启动污泥脱水机,而后将干污泥清出外运.2.3
12、 污染反思污水处理存在的问题之多，是令人忧心忡忡的。这个问题为什么会如此严重呢？我们小组分析认为，原因是多方面的，主要有一下几个方面。一，成本问题。污水处理的成本相对较高，除了购买设备、药品外，平时维护也是一笔不小的开销，一些企业主不愿意花这笔钱。尤其是一些小型企业，这些企业规模小，运营资金少，利润较低。污水处理费用在成本中所占的比例也会相对较大。正如一民营企业老板所说，“我们利润额本来少，再扣去污水处理，我们还赚什么？”这就给我们学化学的同学，提出了一个问题，即如何设计一个更为廉价的处理工艺。二，政策因素。有些地方政府为了吸引外资，对一些工业污染现象睁只眼，闭只眼，这无异于给不法商家大开绿灯
13、。腐败问题一直是我国社会悬而未决的问题，是社会上的一大毒瘤，行贿主义加上形式主义造成了一些企业把污水处理设备拿来当摆设。我们的一个同学借助关系得以见到了一个农村造纸厂的老板，并询问他的污水处理设备为什么不启动，他却大言不惭地说：“我们只有在上面检查的时候才开。”那个同学又问他怎么知道什么时候上面来检查，他居然自豪地说：“我上面有人啊！”因此希望国家可以出台相关措施，对污水处理情况较好的企业给予这政策上的扶持，对随意排放污水的企业和个人进行严厉的惩罚，加强行政和执法部门的配合和廉政建设。三，意识问题。有些地方企业主并没有意识到他们所排放的污水会给环境带来多大破坏，或者太高估了大自然自的自净化能力
14、。有一乡镇企业主说：“我们所排的污水比起江河湖海里的水，是很少很少的，不会造成大的污染。” 近年来，虽然大众的环保意识有所提高，但相对如此严重的污染仍然是不够的，作为大学生，我们有义务为我们的地球母亲，多做一份宣传。水是生命之源，是人体最基本的组成物之一，人体有一半以上是H2O，试想有一天我们体内所流的尽是受过污染的水，那将是一种什么情景。我们的地球有3/4是为水所覆盖，也正因为如此，我们的地球看起来是一个美丽的蓝色星球，当有一天，水体受到严重污染，一切草木皆成枯黄，我们的儿子或是孙子告诉我们“海是灰色的”，我们会是什么感受，为了我们蓝色的地球，为了我们的后代，也为了我们自己，让我们行动起来，
15、一起维护我们唯一的地球母亲。三. 心得和体会待添加的隐藏文字内容3经过了这次的研究性学习, 我们发现我们还有很多知识要学。还有很多生命中最重要的东西,要我们去珍惜，而那些正是平常我们所忽视的。现在我们知道，在平常生活中一些不被重视的小细节，有时候却是严重污染我们赖以生存的环境的罪魁祸首.还有这次的研究性学习的机会是老师给我们的，您使我们有机会接触到这些宝贵的东西，也使我们学到了很多东西，锻炼了我们的能力，这些都是以后在我们的生活中很重要的。我们非常感谢您，我们尊敬的老师。Employment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers
16、and employees. You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against youyour employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more informu, take advice from one of the organisations listed
17、 underFurther help. Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an empl
18、oyment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther help. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seeDismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken again
19、st you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened.
20、If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i.If you are worried about how the time limits apply to yoIf you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if
21、 you win the case. This is known as adamages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.youre clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citize
22、ns Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeEmployment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforc
23、e, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him fir
24、st to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they w
25、ere surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back
26、 in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己
27、似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子；或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己自己似乎应该去做点什么，或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些事情，非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as
28、 the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so import
29、ant; Then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball h
30、oops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年时，觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备，但是随着年龄的推进，会越来越发现，那些东西根本就可有可无；初中时，以为要有一场暗恋才意味着真正的成长，但三年过去后，自己心平气和的写同学录的时候，突然就发现是不是真正的成长了，好像并没有那么重要了；然后到了高中，觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点，但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场，看着他投过篮球的球框时，突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。Origina
31、lly, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来，这个世界上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。A persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to
32、do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一个人的时候，自己的想法总
33、是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很多错过，好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into variou
34、s shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫；那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸；那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊；还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的
35、邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule at
36、tached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and in
37、to the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. We often close ourselves off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to deflect the hurt and pai
38、n by pretending it doesnt exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we cant hide from ourselves. We need to learn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us.生活发生不幸时，我们常常会关上心门；世界不仅没能慰藉我们，反倒使我们更加消沉。我们假装一切仿佛都不曾发生，以此试图忘却伤痛，可就算隐藏得再好，最终也还是骗不了自己。既然如此，何不尝试打开心
39、门，拥抱生活中的各种可能，让世界感化我们呢？Whenever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we should take a step back and re-evaluate our behavior. The items listed below are six ways you can open your heart more fully and completely.当恐惧与焦虑来袭时，我们应该退后一步，重新反思自己的言行。下面六个方法有助于你更完满透彻地敞开心扉。Whenever a pai
40、nful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. When the sadness strikes, take a deep breath and lean into it. When we run away from sadness thats unfolding in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. We take an emotion thats fleeting and m
41、ake it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us.当生活中出现痛苦的事情时，别再逃跑或隐藏痛苦，试着拥抱它吧；当悲伤来袭时，试着深呼吸，然后直面它。如果我们一味逃避生活中的悲伤，悲伤只会变得更强烈更真实悲伤原本只是稍纵即逝的情绪，我们却固执地耿耿于怀By utilizing our breath we soften our experiences. If we dam them up, our lives will stagnate, but when we keep them flowing, we allow
42、 more newness and greater experiences to blossom.深呼吸能减缓我们的感受。屏住呼吸，生活停滞；呼出呼吸，更多新奇与经历又将拉开序幕。2. Embrace the uncomfortable We all know what that twinge of anxiety feels like. We know how fear feels in our bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. We can practice leaning into
43、these feelings of discomfort and let them show us where we need to go.我们都经历过焦灼的煎熬感，也都感受过恐惧造成的生理反应：脖子僵硬、胃酸翻腾。其实，我们有能力面对这些痛苦的感受，从中领悟到出路。The initial impulse is to run away to try and suppress these feelings by not acknowledging them. When we do this, we close ourselves off to the parts of our lives tha
44、t we need to experience most. The next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do yourself a favor and lean into the feeling. Act in spite of the fear.我们的第一反应总是逃避以为否认不安情绪的存在就能万事大吉，可这也恰好妨碍了我们经历最需要的生活体验。下次感到不安时，不管有多害怕，也请试着勇敢面对吧。3. Ask your heart what it wants倾听内心Were often confused at
45、 the next step to take, making pros and cons lists until our eyes bleed and our brains are sore. Instead of always taking this approach, what if we engaged a new part of ourselves that isnt usually involved in the decision making process?我们常对未来犹疑不定，反复考虑利弊直到身心俱疲。与其一味顾虑重重，不如从局外人的角度看待决策之事。From: The sup
46、ersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he want
47、s to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110
48、 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foo
