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1、,Wind Turbine Study,Table of Contents,What is a Wind Turbine?Wind Energy:How it WorksPricingCapital Cost EstimatesInstallation Cost FactorsOperation and Maintenance Cost FactorsArticle:The Economics of Wind Energy(AWEA)Commercialized Wind Turbine ManufacturersMarket Share of Top 10 ManufacturersTop
2、3 ManufacturesVestas Wind Systems A/SOverviewHoovers ReportProduct BrochuresGE WindOverviewHoovers ReportProduct BrochuresEnercon GmbHOverviewHoovers ReportProduct BrochuresWind Energy Projects in OhioRelated Articles10 Steps in Building a Wind FarmWind Power TodayWind Power Myths vs.FactsCompany Pr
3、ofile:BTM Consult ApSWind Energy Resources/Associations,Wind Turbines,Wind power is the process by which wind is harnessed and used to generate electricity.A wind turbine converts kinetic energy(from wind)into mechanical energy.Wind turbines are large,computer-controlled structures with long rotatin
4、g blades.Turbines are mounted on top of tall towers for optimal access to wind.The most common type of wind turbine for producing electricity has a horizontal axis,with two or more aerodynamic blades mounted on the horizontal shaft.With a horizontal-axis machine,the blade tips can travel at several
5、times the wind speed,which results in a high efficiency.The blade shape is designed by using the same aerodynamic theory as for aircraft.Modern wind turbines are now as large as 3 to 5 MW(3,000 to 5,000 KW.),Wind Turbine Diagram,Wind Turbine Components,The nacelle contains the key components of the
6、wind turbine,including the gearbox,and the electrical generator.The rotor blades capture the wind and transfer its power to the rotor hub.The hub of the rotor is attached to the low speed shaft of the wind turbine.The low speed shaft of the wind turbine connects the rotor hub to the gearbox.The shaf
7、t contains pipes for the hydraulics system to enable the aerodynamic brakes to operate.,The gearbox has the low speed shaft to the left.It makes the high speed shaft to the right turn approximately 50 times faster than the low speed shaft.The high speed shaft rotates with approximately 1,500 revolut
8、ions per minute(RPM)and drives the electrical generator.It is equipped with an emergency mechanical disc brake.The electrical generator is usually a so-called induction generator or asynchronous generator.The yaw mechanism uses electrical motors to turn the nacelle with the rotor against the wind.Th
9、e yaw mechanism is operated by the electronic controller which senses the wind direction using the wind vane.,Wind Turbine Components,Wind Turbine Components,The electronic controller contains a computer which continuously monitors the condition of the wind turbine and controls the yaw mechanism.In
10、case of any malfunction,(e.g.overheating of the gearbox or the generator),it automatically stops the wind turbine and calls the turbine operators computer via a telephone modem link.The hydraulics system is used to reset the aerodynamic brakes of the wind turbine.The cooling unit contains an electri
11、c fan which is used to cool the electrical generator.In addition,it contains an oil cooling unit which is used to cool the oil in the gearbox.Some turbines have water-cooled generators.,Wind Turbine Components,The tower of the wind turbine carries the nacelle and the rotor.Generally,it is an advanta
12、ge to have a high tower,since wind speeds increase farther away from the ground.A typical modern 1000 kW turbine will have a tower of 50 to 80 meters(150 to 240 ft.)The anemometer and the wind wane are used to measure the speed and the direction of the wind.The electronic signals from the anemometer
13、 are used by the wind turbines electronic controller to start the wind turbine when the wind speed reaches approximately 5 meters per second(10 knots).The computers stops the wind turbine automatically if the wind speed exceeds 25 meters per second(50 knots)in order to protect the turbine and its su
14、rroundings.,How it works,Wind power is converted to electricity by a wind turbine.In a large-scale wind turbine,the kinetic energy in the wind is converted to rotational motion by the rotor typically a three-bladed assembly at the front of the wind turbine.The rotor turns a shaft which transfers the
15、 motion into the nacelle(the large housing at the top of a wind turbine tower).Inside the nacelle,the slowly rotating shaft enters a gearbox that greatly increases the rotational shaft speed.The high-speed shaft is connected to a generator that converts the rotational movement into electricity at me
16、dium voltage(a few hundred volts.),How it works,The electricity flows down heavy electric cables inside the tower to a transformer,which increases the voltage of the electric power to the distribution voltage(a few thousand volts).Higher voltage electricity flows more easily through electric lines,g
17、enerating less heat and fewer power losses.The distribution-voltage power flows through underground lines to a collection point where the power may be combined with other turbines.In many cases,the electricity is sent to nearby farms,residences and towns where it is used.Otherwise,the distribution-v
18、oltage power is sent to a substation where voltage is increased dramatically to transmission-voltage power(a few hundred thousand volts)and sent through very tall transmission lines to distant cities and factories.,Capital Cost Estimates,Danish Wind Industry Association:$1,000 USD per Kilowatt insta
19、lled(1998)American Wind Energy Association:$1,000 USD per Kilowatt installed(2000)U.S.Government-Energy Information Administration:$1,500 USD per Kilowatt installed(2002)FPL Energy:$1,300-$1,700 per Kilowatt installed(2005),The graph above gives an impression of the price range of modern,Danish grid
20、 connected wind turbines as of February 1998.As you can see prices vary for each generator size.The reasons are varying tower heights,and different rotor diameters.,The Price Banana,Installation Cost Factors,Installation costs vary based on site location and conditionInstallation costs include:Found
21、ationsNormally made of reinforced concreteRoad constructionNeeded to move the turbine and the sections of the tower to the building siteTransformerNeeded to convert the low voltage(690 V)current from the turbine to 10-30 kV current for the local electrical grid,Installation Cost Factors-continued,Te
22、lephone connectionNeeded for remote control and surveillance of the turbineCabling costsTransportation costsGrid reinforcement,if necessary,Operations and Maintenance Cost Factors,Modern wind turbines are designed to work for some 120,000 hours of operation throughout their design lifetime of 20 yea
23、rs.Experience shows that maintenance costs are generally very low while the turbines are brand new,but they increase somewhat as the turbine ages.For newer machines the estimates range around 1.5 to 2 per cent per year of the original turbine investment.Most of maintenance cost is a fixed amount per
24、 year for the regular service of the turbines,but some people prefer to use a fixed amount per kWh of output in their calculations,usually around 0.01 USD/kWh.The reasoning behind this method is that tear and wear on the turbine generally increases with increasing production.Wind turbines generally
25、require preventative maintenance check-ups 2-3 times per year(FPL Energy),Operations and Maintenance Cost Factors,Economies of Scale:Other than the economies of scale which vary with the size of the turbine,mentioned above,there may be economies of scale in the operation of wind parks rather than in
26、dividual turbines.These economies are related to the semi-annual maintenance visits,surveillance and administration,etc.Turbine Reinvestment(Refurbishment,Major Overhauls):Some wind turbine components are more subject to wear and tear than others.This is particularly true for rotor blades and gearbo
27、xes.Wind turbine owners who see that their turbine is close the end of their technical design lifetime may find it advantageous to increase the lifetime of the turbine by doing a major overhaul of the turbine,e.g.by replacing the rotor blades.The price of a new set of rotor blades,a gearbox,or a gen
28、erator is usually in the order of magnitude of 15-20 per cent of the price of the turbine.,Commercial-Scale Wind Turbine Manufactures,Seimens Wind PowerLocation:Denmark and United States officesTurbine size:250 kW,400 kW,1.3,2.3,and 3.6 MW Clipper WindpowerLocation:CaliforniaTurbine size:2.675 MW De
29、wind Location:Germany and United States offices.Turbine size:2.675 MW EnerytechLocation:KansasTurbine size:40-225 kW Fuhrlaender/Lorax Energy Location:Germany and New York Turbine size:250 kW 600 kW,1.25,1.5,and 2.5 MW Gamesa ElicaLocation:Spain and PennsylvaniaTurbine size:850 kW and 2 MW EnerconLo
30、cation:GermanyTurbine Size:330 kW,900kW,800kW,2,300 kW,NordexLocation:GermanyTurbine Size:1.3MW,1.5MW,2.3MW,2.5MW,GE Wind EnergyLocation:GeorgiaTurbine size:1.5 MW,2.3 MW,2.5MW,and 3.6 MW MitsubishiLocation:Japan,Florida,and CaliforniaTurbine size:600 kW,1 MW,and 2.4 MW NorwinLocation:Denmark and Un
31、ited StatesTurbine size:150-225 kW and 750 kW SuzlonLocation:India and IllinoisTurbine size:1.250 MW and 2.1 MW Turbowinds InlandLocation:GermanyTurbine size:400 kW and 600 kW VestasLocation:Denmark and CaliforniaTurbine size:850 kW,1.65,1.8,2,2.75,3,and 4.5 MWRepowerLocation:GermanyTurbine Size:1.5
32、 MW,2.0MW,5MWEcotecniaLocation:SpainTurbine Size:750kW,1,300 kW,1,670kW,2,000kW,3,000kW,%of total market,Source:BTM Consult,March 2006,Headquarters:DenmarkBegan manufacturing wind turbines in 1979Installation base of more than 11,000 turbines worldwideManufactures and distributes wind turbines used
33、to produce electricityTurbines can produce from 660 kW to 3.0 MWCapable of operating on land and offshoreProduces componentsDelivers individual turbines or full wind power systemsThe company also offers installation,repair,and maintenance services.Strategy is to supply customized wind power systems
34、at the most competitive price.The company is focusing on improving its profit margin instead of growing through acquisition.,Product Line,Headquarters:GeorgiaOver 7,000 worldwide wind turbine installations comprising more than 5,600 MW of capacityMore than 20 years experienceDesign and produce wind
35、turbines ranging from 1.5 to 3.6 megawatts Manufacture advanced wind turbine bladesCustomer Support Services:Installation&Commissioning Project Management Operation&Maintenance 24-hour Customer Support Line 24-hour Remote Monitoring Data Management Distributed Spare Parts Inventory/Supply Joint Vent
36、uring Project Development Assistance Wind Resource Assessment Micro Siting&Site Selection Land Acquisition&Permitting Assistance(USA)Community Education&Acceptance(USA)Project Engineering&Site Layout Project Financing Assistance(USA),Product Line,Headquarters:GermanyFounded in 198410,001 wind turbin
37、es installed in 30 countriesTotal power:10.2 GWThe companys objective for 2006 is an export share of more than 45%,gradually increasing over the years to come.Offers:Servicing and maintenance of all wind turbines installed by ENERCONWind turbine monitoring via remote data transmissionMaintaining tec
38、hnical availability of wind turbines serviced by ENERCONCustomer care in all technical and commercial matters Operator training,Product Line,Wind Energy Development,New Projects Planned,Wind Energy Projects in Ohio,Source:American Wind Energy Association,Ohio Wind Map-NREL,Related Articles,10 Steps
39、in Building a Wind Farm(AWEA)Wind Power Today(AWEA)Wind Power Myths vs.Facts(AWEA),Company Profile:BTM Consult ApS,is an independent consultancy company specialized in services regarding renewable energy.BTM-C believes it is vital that its advice should be impartial and guards this independence care
40、fully.The staff at BTM-C has been working with wind energy utilization since 1979.BTM-C was founded in 1986 and with now more than two decades of experience in the wind energy sector the company is an excellent partner to consult for your further engagement into the wind energy sector.BTM-C has gain
41、ed the experience to the wind energy by hands on experience from a variety of tasks which the company has performed over the years.Services provided by BTM-C includes:Market assessment and business developmentFeasibility studies&wind resource assessmentsWind farm managementProject appraisals,due dil
42、igence investigations,financial analysis,technical evaluations of wind turbines,performance and reliability assessments of existing and planned wind energy projects,etc.Publication of the World Market Update International Wind Power Development.BTM-C has,through years of international involvement,es
43、tablished a technology base with a network of contacts all over the world.This enables BTM-C to follow international policy development closely and to assist with technology transfer and establishment of local joint ventures.BTM-C might very likely be able to assist your company in wind related matt
44、ers due to our close involvement to the wind power industry.This has been both in terms of contacts to manufacturers,sub-suppliers,developers and financial institutes.,Wind Energy Resources,American Wind Energy Associationwww.awea.orgThe US Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energyhttp:/www.eere.energy.gov/.W European Wind Energy Associationwww.ewea.orgGreen Energy Ohio(GEO)www.greenenergyohio.orgDanish Wind Industry Associationwww.windpower.org,
