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1、一、概况我县地处湘西南边陲,是一个经济、文化落后的少数民族国家扶贫开发工作重点扶持县。城建面积4.85平方公里,规划面积7.56平方公里。常住人口4.8万多人,日产垃圾150余吨。由于小城镇发展晚,环卫设施相对落后,造成严重后果。1、设备简陋落后。由于我县经济发展落后,每年政府对环卫投入资金相对不足,造成环卫基础设施差,全城垃圾收集方式只能是沿街设置垃圾围、简单的垃圾斗定点收集堆放,这样不仅影响市容市貌和城市交通秩序,而且垃圾造成严重的二次污染,影响城镇居民身体健康,大大增加环卫工人的劳动强度。2、现有垃圾处理方式很不规范,后患无穷。现时的垃圾处理方式是原始的集中堆放,就是把每日产生的生活垃圾
2、向远离县城三公里以外的山沟里堆放,造成诸多严重问题。、垃圾多年沉积,产生大量沼气,经常发生燃烧,浓烟滚滚,熊熊大火,对森林形成严重威胁,1998年-2002年以来,曾多次引起周边森林火灾,造成重大损失。、每年近5万吨垃圾堆放,年侵地4至5亩,垃圾与农民争地的矛盾日益激化。、垃圾成年堆积造成空气污染,使周边的居民常年经受臭气的熏熬。、垃圾产生的污水浸吞其周边的农田、水井,导致稻田失收,水井水质变坏等因素,简易的垃圾处理方式严重影响了人民群众正常生活,对人民群众身体造成了极大的危害,也给环卫工作的开展带来了许多困难。随着城市化规模的不断进展,小城镇建设区域面积增大,人口急遽增多,人民生活水平不断提
3、高,垃圾数量日益增加,垃圾结构也发生了较大的变化,垃圾中有机含量增加,塑料、泡沫等不易腐烂的有害物质占有很大比例,垃圾废品回收利用潜力很大。根据上述情况,如果光靠填理方法进行处理,不但占地多,而且容易造成再次污染,浪费自然资源,影响环境质量,因此,改善垃圾现时处理方式,建设现代化、规范化垃圾处理场已迫在眉睫,势在必行。二、建设内容及规模1、基本指标预测、生活垃圾产量预测:城市垃圾的产量增大与城市扩展,人口增加,居民生活水平提高,能源结构等各种因素有关。现根据我县实际情况,参照国内某些城市人均产生的垃圾量来推算预测。2002年-2012年垃圾产量(吨)、人口:5万日 产150月 产4500年 产
4、5.40010年总产54.00002012年-2022年垃圾产量(吨)、人口:8万日 产240月 产7200年 产8.640010年总产86.40002022年-2032年垃圾产量(吨)、人口:10万日 产150月 产4500年 产5.40010年总产54.0000设:A为推算年度生活垃圾产量(万吨)a为人均每日生活垃圾产量(kg/人、日)N为人数(万)则A=aN年度ANA2002年355.40002012年388.64002032年31010.8000、生活垃圾物理成份预测:通过对我县垃圾详细抽样分析,综合考虑城市发展和经济水平发展赵势,现在,将来市民消费习惯及吃、穿、用等生活用品的组成结构
5、,可得出以下结论:A、2002年-2012年,垃圾成份中将仍然是无机类物质含量高,有机物含量相对较低,可燃物含量少,垃圾热值低。B、2012年后,随着科学技术迅速发展,城市经济腾飞,人民对日益增长的物质生活要求会越来越高,生活垃圾中厨余物含量增加,热值相应增大,在废物类中、纸、布、橡、塑、金属等成份接近发达城市水平。2、垃圾无害化处理的基本指导思想根据我县的基本情况和我县垃圾的物理成份,化学成份构成,做到立足现在、着眼未来,以提高城市环境质量、改善环卫设施为宗旨。运用现代科技,分类收集,分类处理,综合利用,变废为宝。近期规划与远期规划相结合,分期实施,逐步完善,最终实现垃圾无害化、资源化,把有
6、害变成有益。3、拟建项目与规模、垃圾填埋式无害化处理规范化建设:对全县生活垃圾进行详细调查分析,现阶段生活垃圾成份中,无机物占82%,有机物占16%,废品占2%,而在无机物中煤灰占82%,这一基本特点决定我县的垃圾处理在近10年内不适宜采用焚烧法和高温堆肥法,而是采用卫生填埋最佳。卫生填埋法投资少,工艺简单,操作方便,处理最大,效果好,基本上可以达到无害化处理的要求。因此,近期拟按规范要求在全城范围内修建垃圾中转站20座,以避免垃圾沿街暴露堆放,造成二次污染。既有利于城市环境美化、净化,又能有效的保护人民群众身体健康。这项工程计划投资500万元。、改造原有的垃圾场,修建进出道路,净化池等工程项
7、目,计划投资1500万元。、垃圾综合加工无害化处理建设。随着城市的发展和生活水平提高,垃圾数量与结构发生较大变化,垃圾数量增多,垃圾中有机物含量增多,无机物含量逐渐减少,垃圾处理除了无害化,同时应考虑垃圾中废品回收利用,变废为宝,既为国家节约资源,也为环卫事业提供资金。为此,拟修建日处理垃圾300吨的现代化垃圾综合加工厂,平均年垃圾处理量为9万吨。计划使用20年,总处理垃圾180万吨,投资1500万元。修建一个堆肥厂和废品回收加工厂,利用现代科学技术及机械设备先将垃圾进行分选。A、将分选出来的金属、塑料、纸、布、玻璃等分类进行加工,回收利用。B、将腐烂变质的有机物掺全已筛选出的细煤灰,按一定炭
8、氮化比加入粪水作为农家复合肥料,为农业生产服务。根据以上计划,我县在垃圾无害化处理系统建设的投资总规模是1500万元。三、分期实施计划根据目前我县的财力、物力及技术力量的现状,将计划建设项目采取分期分批投资,分期实施的方案,计划比工程分为三期投资施工。一期限工程2003年,总投资500万元。、在全城范围内合理建设垃圾中转站20座,彻底解决全城满街暴露垃圾堆放现象,避免二次污染。建设垃圾中转站每座投资23.8万元,全讲476万元。、购置多功能运输车辆一台24万元。二期工程2004年,总投资1500万元。垃圾填埋式无害化得理场建设:、根据现在垃圾日产量及社会发展趋势,计划扩充垃圾场50亩,作为近3
9、0年垃圾无害化处理场地,预计投资300万元。、建设项目:a.盲沟、b.排气扎、c.净化池、d.挡土坝、e.推土机、f.水泵、g.硬化进出口道路、h.工作房。预计投资1200万元。三期限工程2005年,总投资1500万元。在垃圾修建垃圾无害化处理综合加工厂综合大楼一幢(2000m2),修建两座厂房(2500m2),硬化进出口道路,购置满足日处理量为300吨的机械设备,如:碎石机、磁选机、搅拌机、运输车辆等。四、资金来源计划三项总投资为3500万元,其中单位自筹400万元,县财政投资650万元,请求上级支持解决2450万元。一期工程(500万元)、单位自筹50万元;、财政解决100万元;、争取上级
10、支持解决350万元;二期工程(1500万元)、单位自筹180万元;、财政解决270万元;、争取上级支持解决1050万元;三期工程(1500万元)、单位自筹170万元;、财政解决280万元;、争取上级支持解决1050万元;五、投资效益分析1、社会效益A、通过有效的无害化处理生活垃圾,能提高城市环境质量,改善人民群众生活环境,能有力地推动文明卫生城市建设。B、废品的回收再利用,节约了社会资源;生产复合肥料,既可支援农业生产,又可提供环卫事业发展基金。C、扩大社会就业范围,解决环卫职工子弟和下岗职工就业问题。2、经济效益产品成本效益核算:、产值:待添加的隐藏文字内容3A、日产垃圾复合肥200吨,每吨
11、价150元,日产值3万元,年产值1095万元。B、废品回收每天6吨,全年2190吨,效益为21.9万元。C、向县城居民收取生活垃圾处理费,按每人每月4元收取,可收费240万元。三项合计:1356.9万元、成本:A、尿素日耗10吨,全年平均3650吨,价值584万元。B、卫生填埋费用12.5万元。C、燃料动力消耗,按产值20%评估,223.4万元。D、职工工资及福利费按200人计算,人年平均工资10000元,福利按14%计算,合计228万元。E、厂房、设备折旧130万元。F、税费150万元。总成本1327.9万元。、收益与成本开支扣抵估计盈利29万元/年。六、规划工艺流程图规划工艺流程图堆配成品
12、精制堆肥除去碎玻片杂质通风尘除尘弹性分选给 料 机二次发酵一次发酵污水回收磁选塑料纸张破布玻璃掺入粪水金属回收破碎去掉大部分炉灰的垃圾无机物细灰砖、瓦、陶、渣电动筛给料带料 仓计 量垃 圾Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (C
13、NN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Tho
14、se events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important we
15、ather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will ha
16、ve the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes i
17、n the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope i
18、nto uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper e
19、nd of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and c
20、apcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions ha
21、ve to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5
22、 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 12
23、0,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not
24、too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40
25、 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hop
26、es its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if h
27、e loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.