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1、MARKET RESEARCH REPORT,BUILDING THE GLOBAL HYDROGEN,ECONOMY:TECHNOLOGIES,AND OPPORTUNITIES,EGY055B,Andrew McWilliams,Project Analyst,BCC Research,35 Walnut Street,Wellesley,MA 02481,Phone:866-285-7215(sales),Web Address:,E-mail:,ISBN:1-59623-604-3,ii,EGY055B Building the Global Hydrogen Economy:Tech
2、nologies and Opportunities,TABLE OF CONTENTS,ABOUT BCC,BCC Research is a leading information resource producing high-quality market research reports,newsletters,and conferences.BCCs information products explore major market,economic,scientific,and technological developments for business leaders in i
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7、 discounted prices.Additional bound copy prices do not applyto reports purchased for use at separate locations.Licenses for use of electronic copies by additionalpersons or locations are available.Please call BCC for pricing.,CUSTOM ANALYSES,BCC provides custom research studies tailored to our clien
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10、ance on this material.,Copyright 2009 by BCC Research Wellesley,MA 02481,Reproduction of any material in this report is strictly forbidden without express permission of thePublisher.,To receive a complete catalog of BCC studies,please visit our Web site at,MAY 2010,Copyright BCC Research,Wellesley,M
11、A USA,Web:,iii,EGY055B Building the Global Hydrogen Economy:Technologies and Opportunities,TABLE OF CONTENTS,CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION.1STUDY BACKGROUND.1GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.1INTENDED AUDIENCE.1SCOPE OF REPORT.1METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES.2ANALYST CREDENTIALS.2RELATED BCC REPORTS.3BCC ONLINE
12、 SERVICES.4DISCLAIMER.4,CHAPTER TWO:EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.5,SUMMARY TABLE BUILDING THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY:,PROJECTED GLOBAL INVESTMENTS IN PLANT AND,EQUIPMENT,THROUGH 2015($MILLIONS).5,SUMMARY FIGURE BUILDING THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY:,TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY SHARES,2009 AND 2015,(PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL INVESTMENTS
13、IN PLANT AND,EQUIPMENT).6,CHAPTER THREE:OVERVIEW.7THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY.7DEFINITIONS.7CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN.7GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF HYDROGEN.8,FIGURE 1 GLOBAL HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION,2009,(PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CONSUMPTION).8,TABLE 1 GLOBAL HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION,THROUGH 2015(MILLION TONS/$BILLION).9FI
14、GURE 2 GLOBAL HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION TRENDS,2009-2015(MILLION TONS).9,RATIONALE FOR A HYDROGEN ECONOMY.10Economic.10Environmental.10Energy Security.11Economic Development.12Other Socio-Economic Impacts.12TECHNOLOGIES.12HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES.12HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES.13HYDROGEN DISTRIB
15、UTION TECHNOLOGIES.14,Copyright BCC Research,Wellesley,MA USA,Web:,iv,EGY055B Building the Global Hydrogen Economy:Technologies and Opportunities,TABLE OF CONTENTS,ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION,TECHNOLOGIES.14DIRECT HYDROGEN COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES.15OTHER TECHNOLOGIES.15MARKET SUMMARY.15TABLE 2
16、 BUILDING THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY:TECHNOLOGYINVESTMENTS,THROUGH 2015($MILLION).16FIGURE 3 BUILDING THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY:TECHNOLOGYSHARES,2009-2015(PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL INVESTMENTS).16FIGURE 3(CONTINUED).17,CHAPTER FOUR:GOVERNMENT-SUPPORTED HYDROGEN,INITIATIVES.18UNITED STATES.18FEDERAL INITIATIVES.18,De
17、partment of Energy.18FIGURE 4 U.S.DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY HYDROGEN/FUEL,CELLS FUNDING,FY2004-FY2011($MILLION).19FIGURE 5 EERE HYDROGEN BUDGET,FY 2011(%OF TOTAL EEREHYDROGEN BUDGET).20FIGURE 5(CONTINUED).21,Other U.S.Government Programs and Initiatives.21STATE INITIATIVES.21California.22New York.23Flori
18、da.24Other States.25REGIONAL INITIATIVES.26,The Clean Energy States Alliance.26,Southern Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Coalition.26EUROPEAN UNION.27EU PROGRAMS.27,EU Framework Program.27FIGURE 6 EU INVESTMENTS IN HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL,RESEARCH,1986-2006(MILLION EUROS).28,FIGURE 7 EU FP6 HYCROGEN INVESTMEN
19、TS BY AREA(%OF,TOTAL HYDROGEN INVESTMENTS).29,CO 2 Emissions Restrictions.30EU MEMBER STATES.30Germany.30France.31,Copyright BCC Research,Wellesley,MA USA,Web:,v,EGY055B Building the Global Hydrogen Economy:Technologies and Opportunities,TABLE OF CONTENTS,Italy.32Denmark.33Japan.33China.34India.34Ot
20、her Countries.35,Australia.35Canada.35Iceland.36Korea.37Russia.37INTERGOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS.37U.S.-EU COLLABORATION.38INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIP FOR THE HYDROGEN,ECONOMY.38,INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY HYDROGEN,COORDINATION GROUP.39,CHAPTER FIVE:HYDROGEN PRODUCTION.40SUMMARY.40PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES.4
21、0THERMAL PROCESSES.40TABLE 3 THERMAL PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCION OF,HYDROGEN.40TABLE 3(CONTINUED).41,Steam Reforming of Natural Gas.41Partial Oxidation.42Autothermal Reforming.43Coal Gasification.43,FutureGen.44Carbon Black and Hydrogen Process.45Biomass Gasification.46Gasification with Oxygen.47,Hy
22、droMax Process.47Startech Process.48Pyrolysis.48NREL/Eprida Process.48Reforming of Renewable Liquid Fuels.49,ECD Ovonics.49HTC Purenergy.50Innovatek.50,Copyright BCC Research,Wellesley,MA USA,Web:,vi,EGY055B Building the Global Hydrogen Economy:Technologies and Opportunities,TABLE OF CONTENTS,High T
23、emperature Water Splitting.50,Sulfur-Iodide Cycle.51ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES.51TABLE 4 ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCION OFHYDROGEN.52,Conventional Electrolysis.52High Temperature Electrolysis.52,Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells.53Energy Sources.54,Nuclear Reactors.54Solar Concentrators.54Technol
24、ogical Challenges.55Other Electrolytic Technologies for Hydrogen Production.55,Hybrid Thermochemical/Electrolytic Processes.55,Hybrid Sulfur Process.55SRI Process.56PHOTOLYTIC PROCESSES.56TABLE 5 PHOTOLYTIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OFHYDROGEN.56,Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting.57Photobiolog
25、ical Water Splitting.58OTHER TYPES OF PROCESS.59,“Dark”Fermentation.59PATENT ANALYSIS.60PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE.60FIGURE 8 U.S.HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PATENTS ISSUED,BYTYPE OF TECHNOLOGY 1975-2009(PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL,HYDROGEN PATENTS ISSUED).61FIGURE 8(CONTINUED).62,PATENT TRENDS OVER TIME.62TABLE 6
26、U.S.HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PATENTS ISSUED PERYEAR,2002-2009(NUMBER OF PATENTS).62TABLE 6(CONTINUED).63FIGURE 9 TRENDS IN U.S.HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PATENTSISSUED ANNUALLY,2002-2009(NUMBER OF PATENTS).63MAJOR IP PORTFOLIOS.64FIGURE 10 MAJOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IP PORTFOLIOS,ISSUED 1975-2009(PERCENTAGE OF U
27、.S.HYDROGEN,PRODUCTION PATENTS).64FIGURE 10(CONTINUED).65MARKETS.65,Copyright BCC Research,Wellesley,MA USA,Web:,vii,EGY055B Building the Global Hydrogen Economy:Technologies and Opportunities,TABLE OF CONTENTS,TABLE 7 MARKET FOR EQUIPMENT USED TO GENERATEHYDROGEN FOR DIRECT ENERGY APPLICATIONS,THRO
28、UGH,2015($MILLION).66,LARGE/CENTRALIZED HYDROGEN PLANTS.66,Large/Centralized(Continued).67TABLE 8 PROJECTED EXPENDITURES ON CONSTRUCTION OF,LARGE/CENTRALIZED HYDROGEN POWER PLANTS,THROUGH,2009-2015($MILLION).68,DECENTRALIZED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION.68External Fuel Cell Reformers.68TABLE 9 GLOBAL MARKET
29、FOR FUEL CELL REFORMERS,THROUGH 2015($MILLION).69,Hydrogen Stations.69,CHAPTER SIX:HYDROGEN STORAGE.70SUMMARY.70PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES.70,TABLE 10 U.S.DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TARGETS FOR ON-,BOARD HYDROGEN STORAGE SYSTEMS.70TABLE 11 HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES.71,DIRECT STORAGE OF HYDROGEN.71Gaseous
30、Storage.72,Current Gaseous Hydrogen Storage Technology.72Geologic Bulk Storage Systems.72Liquid Storage.73,BMW Dual Fuel Thermo-Tank.73Future Developments.74HYDROCARBONS.74Technologies.74,Onboard Reforming of Hydrocarbons.74,Approaches to Onboard Reforming.75,External Reforming.75Internal Reforming.
31、75Advantages and Disadvantages of On-Board,Reforming.76Commercial Status of Onboard Reforming.76,IdaTech.76Innovatek.77Direct Hydrocarbon Fuel Cells.77,Types of Direct Hydrocarbon Fuel Cells.77,Direct Methanol Fuel Cells.77,Copyright BCC Research,Wellesley,MA USA,Web:,viii,EGY055B Building the Globa
32、l Hydrogen Economy:Technologies and Opportunities,TABLE OF CONTENTS,Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells.78,Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct,Hydrocarbon Fuel Cells.79,Commercial Status of Direct Hydrocarbon,Fuel Cells.79AMMONIA STORAGE.79,Ammonia-Borane Storage.80Ammonia-Sea Salt Storage.81METAL HYDRIDES
33、.81General Principles.81Types of Metal Hydrides.82Advantages and Disadvantages for Hydrogen Storage.82Commercial Status.83ZEOLITES.83,General Principles.83Types of Zeolites.84,ZK-5.84CD-Exchanged Rho Zeolite.84Magnesium-Optimized Zeolites for Hydrogen,Storage.84Other Zeolites.84OTHER NANOSTRUCTURED
34、MATERIALS.85Carbon Nanotubes/Buckyballs.85Metal-Organic Frameworks.86OTHER STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES.87Phosphonium Borate.87Polymers.87,Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity.88Conformal Polymeric Foams.88Ethylene.89Hollow Glass Microspheres.89PATENT ANALYSIS.89PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE.89FIGURE 11 U.S.HYD
35、ROGEN STORAGE PATENTS BY TYPE OF,TECHNOLOGY(PERCENTAGE OF PATENTS ISSUED TO,DECEMBER 2009).90,PATENT TRENDS OVER TIME.90TABLE 12 U.S.HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS ISSUED PER YEAR,2002-2009(NUMBER OF PATENTS).91,FIGURE 12 TRENDS IN U.S.HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS,ISSUED ANNUALLY,2002-2009(NUMBER OF PATENTS).
36、91,Copyright BCC Research,Wellesley,MA USA,Web:,ix,EGY055B Building the Global Hydrogen Economy:Technologies and Opportunities,TABLE OF CONTENTS,MAJOR IP PORTFOLIOS.92FIGURE 13 MAJOR HYDROGEN STORAGE IP PORTFOLIOS ISSUED,1975-2006(PERCENATGE OF U.S.HYDROGEN STORAGE,PATENTS).92FIGURE 13(CONTINUED).93
37、MARKETS.93SUMMARY.93TABLE 13 MARKET FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES*,THROUGH 2015($MILLION).93,PRESSURIZED STORAGE CYLINDERS.94TABLE 14 MARKET FOR PRESSURIZED CYLINDERS USED TO,STORE HYDROGEN,THROUGH 2015($MILLION).94HYDROGEN FUEL TANKS.94TABLE 15 MARKET FOR HYDROGEN FUEL TANKS USED IN,MOBILE APPL
38、ICATIONS,THROUGH 2015*($MILLION).95,CHAPTER SEVEN:BULK HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION.96SUMMARY.96PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES.96TANK TRUCKS,RAILCARS,BARGES.96TUBE TRAILERS.97PIPELINES.97New Hydrogen Pipeline Materials.98Mixed Hydrogen/Natural Gas Pipelines.99,Commingled Hydrogen and Natural Gas.100Alternating Hyd
39、rogen and Natural Gas.100Other Technical Issues.100,Effect of Hydrogen Exposure on Pipeline Materials.101Hydrogen Permeation and Leaks.101Compression Technology.102,Single Screw Hydrogen Compressor.102Hydride Based Hydrogen Compression.102,Advanced Centrifugal Compressor.103Electrochemical Compresso
40、r.103Advanced Materials for Compressors.103Alternatives to Transmission of Gaseous Hydrogen.103HYDROGEN STATIONS.103,Hydrogen Filling Stations.104,Mobile Hydrogen Refuelers.105Hydrogen Home Stations.105PATENT ANALYSIS.106,Copyright BCC Research,Wellesley,MA USA,Web:,x,EGY055B Building the Global Hyd
41、rogen Economy:Technologies and Opportunities,TABLE OF CONTENTS,PATENTS BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY.106FIGURE 14 U.S.HYDROGEN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTIONTECHNOLOGY PATENTS ISSUED TO DECEMBER 2009,BY TYPE,OF TECHNOLOGY(PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL PATENTS ISSUED).106PATENTS BY ASSIGNEE.107FIGURE 15 U.S.HYDROGEN TR
42、ANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION,TECHNOLOGY PATENTS ISSUED TO DECEMBER 2009,BY,ASSIGNEE(PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL PATENTS ISSUED).107MARKETS.108TABLE 16 GLOBAL MARKET FOR HYDROGEN TRANSMISSION ANDDISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGIES,THROUGH 2015($MILLION).108TRANSMISSION.108FIGURE 16 SOURCES OF HYDROGEN FUEL FOR EXISTING
43、 ANDPLANNED HYDROGEN FILLING STATIONS,2009(PERCENTAGEOF ALL EXISTING AND CURRENTLY PLANNED HYDROGEN,STATIONS).109,Liquid Hydrogen Tankers.109TABLE 17 LIQUID HYDROGEN TANKER TRUCK MARKET,THROUGH 2015(UNITS/$MILLION).110,Tube Trailers.110TABLE 18 COMPRESSED HYDROGEN TUBE TRAILER MARKET,THROUGH 2015(UN
44、ITS/$MILLION).111,Pipelines.111HYDROGEN STATIONS.111,TABLE 19 HYDROGEN STATION MARKET,THROUGH 2015,(NUMBER OF STATIONS/$MILLION).112,Hydrogen Filling Stations.112,TABLE 20 GLOBAL INVESTMENTS IN NEW HYDROGEN FUELINGSTATIONS,THROUGH 2015(UNITS/$MILLION).113,Hydrogen Home Stations.113TABLE 21 PROJECTED
45、 GLOBAL PURCHASES OF HYDROGEN,HOME STATIONS,THROUGH 2015(UNITS/$MILLION).113,CHAPTER EIGHT:ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION.114SUMMARY.114PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES.114DESCRIPTION.114FIGURE 17 FUEL CELL PRINCIPLES.114,MAIN TECHNOLOGIES.115TABLE 22 MAJOR FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES.115,Polymer Electrolyte Me
46、mbrane Fuel Cells.116,Copyright BCC Research,Wellesley,MA USA,Web:,xi,EGY055B Building the Global Hydrogen Economy:Technologies and Opportunities,TABLE OF CONTENTS,Direct Methanol Fuel Cells.116Alkaline Fuel Cells.117Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells.118Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells.118,Molten Carbonate(Cont
47、inued).119Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.120PATENT ANALYSIS.120PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE.121FIGURE 18 U.S.FUEL CELL PATENTS BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY(PERCENTAGE OF PATENTS ISSUED TO DECEMBER 2009).121PATENT TRENDS OVER TIME.121TABLE 23 U.S.FUEL CELL PATENTS ISSUED PER YEAR,2002-2009(NUMBER OF PATENTS).122,FIGU
48、RE 19 TRENDS IN U.S.FUEL CELL PATENTS ISSUED,ANNUALLY,2002-2009(NUMBER OF PATENTS).122MAJOR IP PORTFOLIOS.123FIGURE 20 MAJOR FUEL CELL IP PORTFOLIOS ISSUED TO 2009(PERCENTAGE OF U.S.HYDROGEN STORAGE PATENTS.123FIGURE 20(CONTINUED).124MARKETS.124,TABLE 24 FUEL CELL SALES BY TYPE OF APPLICATION,THROUG
49、H 2015($MILLION).124FIGURE 21 GLOBAL FUEL CELL SALES,2009-2015($MILLION).125FIGURE 22 FUEL CELL MARKET SHARES BY APPLICATION,SEGMENT,2009-2015(PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DOLLAR SALES).126,CHAPTER NINE:DIRECT COMBUSTION OF HYDROGEN.127SUMMARY.127TECHNOLOGIES.127INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.127Hydrogen Intern
50、al Combustion Engines.127,BMW Dual-Fuel Technology.127Ford/Mazda Technology.128Hybrid Hydrogen-Electric Propulsion Systems.129Hydrogen Boosted Gasoline Engines.129TURBINES.130PATENTS.131MARKETS.131,TABLE 25 MARKET FOR DIRECT HYDROGEN COMBUSTION,TECHNOLOGIES,THROUGH 2015($MILLION).132,HYDROGEN INTERN
