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1、Chapter 1 Crime and Criminology,Crime and Criminology,Crime occurs in all segments of societyWide range of offenses committed,not just street crimeThe general public views crime as a major social problemSome are fascinated with crime,What factors do you think contribute to crime?,Large underclassUrb
2、an areas in which the poorest and wealthiest live in close proximityRacism and discriminationFailure of the educational systemTroubled American familyEasy access to handguns,What factors do you think contribute to crime?,A culture that defines success in terms of material wealthDrug usePeer supportV
3、iolence on TVLack of punishmentThese factors are used in development of theory,What is Criminology?,Criminology is the scientific approach to the study of the nature,extent,cause,andcontrol of criminal behavior,Most important areas of interest for criminologists?,The development of criminal law and
4、its use to define crimeThe cause of law violationsThe methods used to control criminal behaviorThe extent of crime,Criminology,Criminology uses the scientific method to pose research questions(hypotheses),gather data,create theories,and test their validity.Example Hirschi(attachment to delinquent pe
5、ers and delinquency),Criminology integrates knowledge from many fields:,Criminal JusticeSociologyPsychologyEconomicsPolitical ScienceNatural Sciences(ex.Biology),Categories of Contemporary Criminological Theories,Social ConflictTheory,Social StructuralTheory,SocialProcessTheory,IntegratedTheory,Choi
6、ceTheory,Psycho-logicalTheory,BiosocialTheory,Criminal Behavior,Historical Roots of Criminology,Utilitarian philosophy of BecarriaBiological determinism of LombrosoSocial theory of DurkheimPolitical philosophy of Marx,Criminology v.Criminal Justice,Criminology explains etiology,extent,&nature of cri
7、meCriminal Justice describes,analyzes,&explains behavior&operation of agencies of justice&effective methods of crime control,sentencing,treatment,etc.,Have you ever.,followed someone&intentionally harassed,annoyed,tormented,or embarrassed them?smoked marijuana?pierced a part of your body other than
8、your ear?taken something from your roommate,partner,sibling,parent,stranger without consent?been to a strip club or read porn material?physically hurt or threatened to hurt someone?,2 points are important First.,Criminal offenders are not always or very“different”from ourselves They include friends,
9、colleagues,neighbors,strangers,&often ourselves Society creates an“outsider”view of“criminals”But,the lines are hazy&crime is common,Second.,Some behaviors are criminal&obviously“bad”other behaviors may be considered“bad”but not criminal&still other behaviors are criminal but not necessarily“bad”!,C
10、rime&Deviance,Deviance is behavior departing from social normsA Crime is conduct violating law&subject to punishmentNot all criminal acts are deviant(ex.Prohibition)Not all deviant acts are criminal Each changes over time&place,Crime&Deviance Sociology of Law,Criminologists are concerned with how de
11、viant acts become crimes and vice versaWhen should crimes be decriminalized?Marijuana,gambling,sodomyWhen should deviant behavior become outlawed?Smoking,marijuana,curfew,Crime&Deviance Sociology of Law,Criminologists also concerned with the impact of the law on human behaviorExample strict DWI laws
12、Reducing BAC level to.08,OK,back to the survey.,harassed someonesmoked potpierced bodytaken somethingstrip club;pornhurt someone,Deviance CrimeDeviance Crime Deviance Crime Deviance Crime Deviance Crime Deviance Crime,Perspectives in Criminology,Perspective:The relationship ofaspects of a subject to
13、 each otherand to a whole:a point of view.,Differing Views on the causes and controls of criminal behavior,Consensus View Most PopularCrime reflects the values,beliefs,and opinions of societyLaw defines crimeAgreement exists on outlawed behaviorLaws apply to all citizens equally,Differing Views on t
14、he causes and controls of criminal behavior,Criminal law is a social control deviceGuides people into what are and arent appropriate behaviorsIf hold consensus view of crime then what causes it?Two major lines of thoughtFree WillBiological,psychological,and sociological causes,Differing Views on the
15、 causes and controls of criminal behavior,Conflict viewSociety is a collection of diverse groups in constant conflictLaw is a tool of the ruling classDesigned to protect the affluentCrime is a politically defined concept“Real crimes”are not outlawed or not punished,Law is used to control the undercl
16、assIf hold a conflict view then what causes crime?Unequal distribution of power,Differing Views on the causes and controls of criminal behavior,Interactionist viewCrimes are not inherently evil or immoral acts,but defined that wayHas no meaning unless people react to itMoral entrepreneurs define cri
17、me,Differing Views on the causes and controls of criminal behavior,Crimes are illegal because society defines them that wayCriminal labels are life-transforming eventsIf interactionist view of crime then what causes crime?Contact and exposure to criminal justice system,Differing Views on the causes
18、and controls of criminal behavior,Way criminologists define crime dominates their thinking and research,Differing views on the causes and controls of criminal behavior,Interactionist view,Conflict view,Consensus View,DefinitionofCrime,Doing Criminology:Types of Research,Survey Research(cross-sectional research),Longitudinal Research(cohort groups),Aggregate DataResearch,ExperimentalResearch,ObservationalResearch,
