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1、Karl Marx and Frederick EngelsManifestoof the Communist Party共 产 党 宣 言1848A spectre is haunting Europe - the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies. 一
2、个幽灵，共产主义的幽灵，在欧洲游荡。为了对这个幽灵进行神圣的围剿，旧欧洲的一切势力，教皇和沙皇、梅特涅和基佐、法国的激进派和德国的警察，都联合起来了。Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism, against the more advanced opposition pa
3、rties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries? 有哪一个反对党不被它的当政的敌人骂为共产党呢？又有哪一个反对党不拿共产主义这个罪名去回敬更进步的反对党人和自己的反动敌人呢？Two things result from this fact: 从这一事实中可以得出两个结论：I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power. 共产主义已经被欧洲的一切势力公认为一种势力；为了这个目的，各国共产党人集会于伦敦，拟定了如下的宣言，用英
4、文、法文、德文、意大利文、佛来米文和丹麦文公布于世。It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself. To this end, Communists of various nationalities ha
5、ve assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages. 现在是共产党人向全世界公开说明自己的观点、自己的目的、自己的意图并且拿党自己的宣言来对抗关于共产主义幽灵的神话的时候了。I - BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS 一、资产者和无产者The history of all hitherto existing society is the
6、history of class struggles. 到目前为止的一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史。Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time en
7、ded, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. 自由民和奴隶、贵族和平民、领主和农奴、行会师傅和帮工，一句话，压迫者和被压迫者，始终处于相互对立的地位，进行不断的、有时隐蔽有时公开的斗争，而每一次斗争的结局都是整个社会受到革命改造或者斗争的各阶级同归于尽。In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrang
8、ement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations. 在过去的各个历史时
9、代，我们几乎到处都可以看到社会完全划分为各个不同的等级，看到由各种社会地位构成的多级的阶梯。在古罗马，有贵族、骑士、平民、奴隶，在中世纪，有封建领主、陪臣、行会师傅、帮工、农奴，而且几乎在每一个阶级内部又有各种独特的等第。The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, n
10、ew forms of struggle in place of the old ones. 从封建社会的灭亡中产生出来的现代资产阶级社会并没有消灭阶级对立。它只是用新的阶级、新的压迫条件、新的斗争形式代替了旧的。Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinct feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile
11、camps, into two great classes directly facing each other - bourgeoisie and proletariat. 但是，我们的时代，资产阶级时代，却有一个特点：它使阶级对立简单化了。整个社会日益分裂为两大敌对的阵营，分裂为两大相互直接对立的阶级：资产阶级和无产阶级。From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bo
12、urgeoisie were developed. 从中世纪的农奴中产生了初期城市的城关市民；从这个市民等级中发展出最初的资产阶级分子。The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange
13、and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development. 美洲的发现、绕过非洲的航行，给新兴的资产阶级开辟了新的活动场所。东印度和中国的市场、美洲的殖民化、对殖民地的贸易、交换手段和一般的商品的增加，使商业、航海业和工业空前高涨，因而使正在崩溃的封建社
14、会内部的革命因素迅速发展。The feudal system of industry, in which industrial production was monopolized by closed guilds, now no longer suffices for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The guild-masters were pushed aside by the manufacturing middle class; division of la
15、bor between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labor in each single workshop. 以前那种封建的或行会的工业经营方式已经不能满足随着新市场的出现而增加的需求了。工场手工业代替了这种经营方式。行会师傅被工业的中间等级排挤掉了；各种行业组织之间的分工随着各个作坊内部的分工的出现而消失了。Meantime, the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising. Even manufacturers no lo
16、nger sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionized industrial production. The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, MODERN INDUSTRY; the place of the industrial middle class by industrial millionaires, the leaders of the whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois. 但是，市场总是在扩大，需求总是
17、在增加。甚至工场手工业也不再能满足需要了。于是，蒸汽和机器引起了工业生产的革命。现代大工业化替了工场手工业；工业中的百万富翁，整批整批产业军的统领，现代资产者，代替了工业的中间等级。Modern industry has established the world market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This devel
18、opment has, in turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages. 大工业建立了由美洲的发现所准备好的世界
19、市场。世界市场使商业、航海业和陆路交通得到了巨大的发展。这种发展又反过来促进了工业的扩展，同时，工业、商业、航海业和铁路愈是扩展，资产阶级也愈是发展，愈是增加自己的资本，愈是把中世纪遗留下来的一切阶级都排挤到后面去。We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange. 由此可见，现代资产阶级本身是一个长期发展
20、过程的产物，是生产方式和交换方式的一系列变革的产物。Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance in that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association of medieval commune : here independent urban republic (as in
21、 Italy and Germany); there taxable third estate of the monarchy (as in France); afterward, in the period of manufacturing proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, cornerstone of the great monarchies in general - the bourgeo
22、isie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative state, exclusive political sway. The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie. 资产阶级的这种发展的每一个阶段，都有相
23、应的政治上的成就伴随着。它在封建领主统治下是被压迫的等级，在公社里是武装的和自治的团体，在一些地方组成独立的城市共和国，在另一些地方组成君主国中的纳税的第三等级；后来，在工场手工业时期，它是等级制君主国或专制君主国中同贵族抗衡的势力，而且是大君主国的主要基础；最后，从大工业和世界市场建立的时候起，它在现代的代议制国家里夺得了独占的政治统治。现代的国家政权不过是管理整个资产阶级的共同事务的委员会罢了。The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part. 资产阶级在历史上曾经起过非常革命的作用。The bourge
24、oisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his natural superiors, and has left no other nexus between people than naked self-interest, than callous cash payment. It h
25、as drowned out the most heavenly ecstacies of religious fervor, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that sin
26、gle, unconscionable freedom - Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation. 资产阶级在它已经取得了统治的地方把一切封建的、宗法的和田园诗般的关系都破坏了。它无情地斩断了把人们束缚于天然首长的形形色色的封建羁绊，它使人和人之间除了赤裸裸的利害关系，除了冷酷无情的“现金交易”，就再也没有任何别的联系了。它把宗教
27、虔诚、骑士热忱、小市民伤感这些情感的神圣发作，淹没在利己主义打算的冰水之中。它把人的尊严变成了交换价值，用一种没有良心的贸易自由代替了无数特许的和自力挣得的自由。总而言之，它用公开的、无耻的、直接的、露骨的剥削代替了由宗教幻想和政治幻想掩盖着的剥削。The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet
28、, the man of science, into its paid wage laborers. 资产阶级抹去了一切向来受人尊崇和令人敬畏的职业的灵光。它把医生、律师、教士、诗人和学者变成了它出钱招雇的雇佣劳动者。The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation into a mere money relation. 资产阶级撕下了罩在家庭关系上的温情脉脉的面纱，把这种关系变成了纯粹的金钱关系。The bourgeoisie has
29、disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigor in the Middle Ages, which reactionaries so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful indolence. It has been the first to show what mans activity can bring about. It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian py
30、ramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former exoduses of nations and crusades. 资产阶级揭示了，在中世纪深受反动派称许的好勇斗狠，是以极端怠惰作为相应补充的。它第一次证明了，人的活动能够取得什么样的成就。它创造了完全不同于埃及金字塔、罗马水道和哥特式教堂的奇迹；它完成了完全不同于民族大迁徙和十字军东征的远征。The bourgeoisie cannot exist without cons
31、tantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes. Const
32、ant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all
33、 new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind. 资产阶级除非使生产工具，从而使生产关系，从而使全部社会关系不断地革命化，否则就不能生存下去。反之，原封不动地保持旧的生产方式
34、，却是过去的一切工业阶级生存的首要条件。生产的不断变革，一切社会关系不停的动荡，永远的不安定和变动，这就是资产阶级时代不同于过去一切时代的地方。一切固定的古老的关系以及与之相适应的素被尊崇的观念和见解都被消除了，一切新形成的关系等不到固定下来就陈旧了。一切固定的东西都烟消云散了，一切神圣的东西都被亵渎了。人们终于不得不用冷静的眼光来看他们的生活地位、他们的相互关系。The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the glo
35、be. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere. 不断扩大产品销路的需要，驱使资产阶级奔走于全球各地。它必须到处落户，到处开发，到处建立联系。The bourgeoisie has, through its exploitation of the world market, given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To the great chagrin of
36、reactionaries, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilized na
37、tions, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants,
38、requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. And as in material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual cr
39、eations of individual nations become common property. National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature. 资产阶级，由于开拓了世界市场，使一切国家的生产和消费都成为世界性的了。不管反动派怎样惋惜，资产阶级还是挖掉了工业脚下的民族基础。古老的民族工业被消灭了，并且每天都
40、还在被消灭。它们被新的工业排挤掉了，新的工业的建立已经成为一切文明民族的生命攸关的问题；这些工业所加工的，已经不是本地的原料，而是来自极其遥远的地区的原料；它们的产品不仅供本国消费，而且同时供世界各地消费。旧的、靠国产品来满足的需要，被新的、要靠极其遥远的国家和地带的产品来满足的需要所代替了。过去那种地方的和民族的自给自足和闭关自守状态，被各民族的各方面的互相往来和各方面的互相依赖所代替了。物质的生产是如此，精神的生产也是如此。各民族的精神产品成了公共的财产。民族的片面性和局限性日益成为不可能，于是由许多种民族的和地方的文学形成了一种世界的文学。The bourgeoisie, by the
41、rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilization. The cheap prices of commodities are the heavy artillery with which it forces the barbarians intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners
42、 to capitulate. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilization into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image. 资产阶级，由于一切生产工具的迅速改进，由于交通的极其便利，
43、把一切民族甚至最野蛮的民族都卷到文明中来了。它的商品的低廉价格，是它用来摧毁一切万里长城、征服野蛮人最顽强的仇外心理的重炮。它迫使一切民族-如果它们不想灭亡的话-采用资产阶级的生产方式；它迫使它们在自己那里推行所谓文明制度，即变成资产者。一句话，它按照自己的面貌为自己创造出一个世界。The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared wit
44、h the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life. Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilized ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East
45、on the West. 资产阶级使农村屈服于城市的统治。它创立了巨大的城市，使城市人口比农村人口大大增加起来，因而使很大一部分居民脱离了农村生活的愚昧状态。正象它使农村从属于城市一样，它使未开化和半开化的国家从属于文明的国家，使农民的民族从属于资产阶级的民族，使东方从属于西方。The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property. It has agglomerated popu
46、lation, centralized the means of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence of this was political centralization. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments, and systems of taxation, became lumped together into
47、 one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national class interest, one frontier, and one customs tariff. 资产阶级日甚一日地消灭生产资料、财产和人口的分散状态。它使人口密集起来，使生产资料集中起来，使财产聚集在少数人的手里。由此必然产生的结果就是政治的集中。各自独立的、几乎只有同盟关系的、各有不同利益、不同法律、不同政府、不同关税的各个地区，现在已经结合为一个拥有统一的政府、统一的法律、统一的民族阶级利益和统一的关税的统一的民族。The bourgeoisie,
48、during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of natures forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam navigation, railways, electric telegraph
49、s, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization or rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground - what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor? 资产阶级在它的不到一百年的阶级统治中所创造的生产力，比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多，还要大。自然力的征服，机器的采用，化学在工业和农业中的应用，轮船的行驶，铁路的通行，电报的使用，整个整个大陆的开垦，河川的通航，仿佛用法术从地下呼唤出来的大量人口，-过去哪一个世纪料想到在社会劳动里蕴藏有这样的生产力呢？We see then: the means of production and of exch
