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1、Independent Writing(Four Lectures)LS,LECTUR ONE:OVERVIEW,题型,1.Agree or Disagree Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Working at home using computers or telephones is better than working in the office.Do you agree with the following statement?In a team,those who do not accept others
2、criticism can not succeed.2.Which do you preferSome people enjoy change,and they look forward to new experiences.Others like their lives to stay the same,and they do not change their usual habits.Compare these two approaches to life.Which approach do you prefer?,写作要求,30 minutes,at least 300 wordsorg
3、anized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structure developed:to make an idea clearer by explaining it furthercoherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a wholeconsistent:always behaving in the same way,or having the same
4、opinions standard,Agree or Disagree,TitlesDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is the television that alienates the relationship of family members.It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city.Some people believe that air travel should be restricted b
5、ecause it causes serious pollution and uses up the worlds fuel resources.Technology makes the world better to liveHistory has nothing to tell us.,三种布局,Structure 1:intro原因一（topic sentence+supporting sentences+examples）原因二（topic sentence+supporting sentences+examples）原因三(topic sentence+supporting sent
6、ence)EndingStructure 2:Intro让步（Admittedly,There is no doubt that,It is true that.+supporting sentece）+However 反驳 原因一（topic sentence+supporting sentence+examples）原因二（topic sentence+supporting sentence+examples）Ending Structure 3:Intro原因(as detailed as possible)Examples Ending,Structure One,History ha
7、s nothing to tell us.It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city.Some people believe that air travel should be restricted because it causes serious pollution and uses up the worlds fuel resources.,Structure Two,History has nothing to tell us.It is better for children t
8、o grow up in the countryside than in a big city.Some people believe that air travel should be restricted because it causes serious pollution and uses up the worlds fuel resources.,Structure Three,History has nothing to tell us.It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big cit
9、y.Some people believe that air travel should be restricted because it causes serious pollution and uses up the worlds fuel resources.,万能理由 Cheese ccR,C：convenient 便利 H:Healthy 健康E:environmental 环保E:economical 经济S:safe 安全E:educational 教育C:culture 文化C:communication 交流R:rights 权利,Drill,do you agree or
10、disagree that a teacher who is serious and strict is more efficient than a teacher who uses humors and easygoing?Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers salariesDo you agree or disagree that parents find it hard t
11、o control their children for their children are exposed to too many things outside,such as TV or movie.,Appendix(1),动名词&不定式,动名词做主语,让孩子接触过多的暴力与色情对他们的成长有害。excessive pornographybe/harmful/detrimental toExposing young children to excessive violence and pornography would be detrimental to their developme
12、nt.,照料宠物有助于培养小孩的交际能力。social skillsTaking care of a pet can help children develop social skills.contribute to/be conducive toTaking care of a pet can contribute to/be conducive to the development of Childrens social skills.,动名词做表语,我们政府的主要任务是致力于消除贫困、疾病和文盲。eliminateilliteracyThe main task of our govern
13、ment is eliminating poverty,disease and illiteracy.,成功的模式中最重要的因素就是懂得如何与人相处。ingredientget along withThe most important ingredient in the formula of success is knowing how to get along with people.,不定式做主语,作主语如何解决严重的交通问题对于政府而言是个棘手的问题。a thorny/knotty issueHow to solve the heavy traffic problem is a thor
14、ny/knotty issue,不定式做主语,发达国家和发展中国家的政府必须采取更环保的政策。essential/imperativeadopt/take upenvironmentally friendly policiesIt is imperative/essential for governments of developed and developing nations to adopt more environmentally friendly policies.,一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间。事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康。occupy/engageIn
15、fact/as a matter of fact/indeedA proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time.In fact,it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study.,做宾语,在本文，我试图分析一些人选择单身的原因。Essay/articleaim to/intend to/determine toanalyze/anatomize/explainchoose to be/prefer to be/be willing to beIn t
16、his essay,I aim to analyze the reasons why some people prefer to be single.,激烈的社会竞争使人们在巨大的压力下工作和生活。fierce/intense/drastic competitionThe fierce/intense social competition makes people work and live under great pressure.,做定语,互联网是传播信息的经济途径。economicalConveyThe Internet is an economical way to convey in
17、formation.,现在，随着电脑的广泛使用，许多成年人感到学习电脑技能的迫切需要。applicationpressing needNowadays,with the wide applications of computers,many adults feel the pressing need to acquire computer skills.,必须采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。Proper measures must be taken to limit/restrict the number of foreign tourist
18、s and great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.,互联网的出现使人们更加容易接触到全世界各种各样的信息。advent/arrival/approachingenable somebody to dohave access toThe advent of the Internet enables people to have easier access to all sorts of infor
19、mation worldwide.,Break,Lecture 2 Agree or Disagree 组段成章,好段落的特征,内容丰富（fullness）段落思想统一（unity）段落内容连贯（coherence）,如何做到内容丰富,a.逻辑安排上：多方面、深层次的发展段落中心b.细节例子上：具体、详实,如何做到段落思想统一,每段有一个明确的主题句topic sentence然后围绕此句展开，起指引写作方向的作用,如何做到段落内容连贯,a.在人称、单复数上保持统一在时态上保持统一 b.注意使用转承语 transitional words,段落写作（基本段落结构）,开头段（introducti
20、on）,包含内容,a.引言（general statement）b.点题（thesis statement）C.答题(answer),开头的方法：（6种）Agree or disagree?Student should choose the most challenging courses in college even when they can not get the highest score.,第1种：开门见山（最保险）,第2种：现象法（最常见）,经济方面With the development/growth of economy,As the economy is rapidly d
21、eveloping,With the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization,more(problems)are brought to our attention,社会方面As the society advanced,people are attaching much more importance to As our society is advancing,peoples demands have become increasingly diversified.,科技应用方面As is widely used
22、in all aspects of life,As one of the most important inventions of the 20th century,has founded a wide application in all aspect of our lives,第三种：提出问题 When it comes to the question whether,the answer is negative/positive,第四种：引用数据With a population accounting for nearly one quarter of the worlds popula
23、tion,my country China,has been suffering from serious loss of arable land,which now hardly accounts for 7%of overall arable land of the world.,第五种：下定义Pets refer to the animals kept in house,like cats,dogs,birds,and even snakes or lizards,第六种：引用 名言.谚语 等,Bible最有力“Man cannot live by bread alone.”That i
24、s a Bible quotation,the truth of which has been recognized for thousands of years.It means that food and drink are not enough to sustain man,that practical things are not sufficient to take man content,and that man has a soul and dreams to the finer things in life,名人也权威：“Knowledge is power.”Such is
25、remark of,谚语：So goes the old saying.Just as the old saying goes,.There is much truth in the old saying In other words,nothing is more importantthan(on ones way to)名言：Such is remark of One of the greatest men(scientists/philosophers/writers)once remarked,It is true that,开头段四个原则,1.注意观点的范围2.观点表述要语气坚定,避
26、免In my humble opinion Though many people oppose my view,I would like to prefer,I am not sure about this,but 3.不可太唐突，应该有铺垫,不要写My purpose of this paper is My answer of this question is，In this paper,I will attempt to4.避免观点绝对some,sometimes,in most cases,generally/relatively speaking,常用开头句子,As/With,.In
27、modern society/In contemporary society/Nowadays/In recent years,an increasing number of people3.When it comes to.,some think.There is a public debate today that.4.A is a common way of.,but is it a wise one?5.Recently the problem has been brought into focus/has become controversy6.Now there is a grow
28、ing awareness that.7.It is time we explored the truth of.8.Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible/obvious,Drill 写开头段（40-60 words）,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?A zoo has no useful purpose.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Watching television is
29、 bad for children.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Playing games teaches us about life.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is better to be a member of a group than to be the leader of a group.,Appendix(2),分词（现在分词和过去分词）,现在分词做表语,随着经济的高速发展，骑自行车的人数越来越少。with/alon
30、g withAlong with the rapidly economic development,the number of people who ride bicycles is decreasing.,现在分词作前置定语,日益恶化的环境已经引起人们的广泛关注。deteriorate/worsenarouse wide concernThe deteriorating environment has aroused peoples wide concern.青少年不断恶化的健康状况引起公众的关注。deteriorate/worsenbe brought into public focusT
31、he worsening health condition of youths has been brought into public focus.,现在分词短语作后置定语,我们面临一个迫切的问题是每天产生愈来愈多的垃圾。pressing issueA pressing（单个现在分词作前置定语）issue facing（which is facing）us is that a growing（单个现在分词作前置定语）amount of trash is being produced day and night.,现在分词做状语,由于住在乡下，人们很少进行社交活动，缺乏娱乐和休闲设施。soci
32、al visitsentertainment recreation facilitiesLiving in the country,people have few social visits and lack entertainment and recreation facilities.（原因状语）,过去分词表被动,如果不重视自然资源的保护，它将很快被耗尽。conservation/protection deplete/exhaust/consume/drain/use upOur natural energy will soon be depleted/exhausted if we pa
33、y no attention to the conservation of it.,过去分词做状语,由于受到网络上过多的色情与暴力的影响，有些青少年误入歧途。go astrayDeeply influenced by excessive pornography and violence on the Internet,some teenagers go astray.（原因状语）,过去分词作补语,我们要妥善处理垃圾。We should have the waste properly disposed of.,Break,Lecture 3,Agree or disagree 主体段的写法,写作
34、目的从各个角度说明主题（论据、例子）,包含内容：A,段落主题句 B,支持性说理C,支持性细节各种详细的例子，包括个人经历、统计数据等等，用来支持段落的中心,Topic sentence陈述原因1.One of the primary causes/reasons is that2.The reasons/causes for the increase/growth/development decrease/decline can be explained/illustrated/demonstrated/in term of/can be attributed to.3.Another fac
35、tor that should be taken into consideration is that 4.Yet/Still,another reason is that 让步段主体句Admittedly/Undoubtedly,It is true thatThere is no doubt that.,Supporting sentences,In other wordsPut it in another wayTo be more specific/specifically/specifically speakingThat is to sayAlthough/While,When,S
36、ince/As/Because,If/So long as/As long as.,Just as,soCompared with,In contrast/on the contrary/on the other hand,Examples 客观例子,主观例子,假想例子to begin with,to start with,for example,for instance,take for example,lets take the case of for instance.All the examples come to indicate that According to the stat
37、istics/data/survey of,there areJust imagineSuppose that,段落结束句简单重复段落的大意(可有可无）,注意好理由是好作文的灵魂1.切题（家长很难管制小孩一题）2.具体,focused It is more economical,more healthful,and more enjoyable for people to live in the country than in the city.3.富有新意4.不涉及政治、宗教、战争和一些犯罪话题，观点别太激进或是绝对化5.理由安排要自然，富有逻辑（never,never give up一题）
38、,Drill（intor+body),Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?High schools should allow students to study the courses that students want to study.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Playing a game is fun only when you win.Do you agree or disagree with the following state
39、ment?Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so.,Appendix(3),从句定语从句状语从句名词性从句,定语从句,父母的教导如果坚定、理性、始终如一，孩子就有可能充满自信。rationalconsistentbe likely to do/be inclined tobe apt to doChildren with parents whose guidance is firm，rational and consistent are inclined
40、 to possess high levels of self-confidence.,电视，这项以迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。Television，the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies，marked by rapid change and growth，is moving into a new era，an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility，which
41、 promises to reshape our lives and our world.,名词性从句,人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为社会必不可少的一部分。indispensableIt is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society.,近年来，关于时尚存在着广泛的争论。其中一个问题就是一个人是否应选择他喜欢的舒适的衣服，而不管是否时尚。regardless ofThere is a general discussion ove
42、r fashion in recent years.One of the questions under debate is whether a person should choose comfortable clothes regardless of fashion.,越来越多的专家认为农民工对城市的建设起到积极作用，然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨农民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，比如犯罪。An increasing number of expertsExperts in growing/increasing numbersimmigrant laborersDwelle
43、r ResidentInhabitant OccupantAn increasing number of experts believe that farmer laborers will exert positive effects on city construction.However,this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents,who complain that farmer laborers have brought many serious problems like crime.,通过以
44、上讨论，我们可以有把握地得出这样的结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，而且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。From what has been discussed above，far outweighFrom what has been discussed above,we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of the bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.,没有人能否认这一重要事实：最近
45、几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。越来越多的专家开始相信这种状况将对当地的经济发展产生不利影响。arouse wide concernbe brought into publics focusNo one can deny the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has caused wide pubic concern all over the world.Experts in increasing numbers are beginning to believe that such situation
46、 would produce unfavorable effects on economic growth of local areas.,只要每个人都充分意识到环境保护的重要性，并采取有效措施，我坚信我们一定能克服污染问题。significance of environmental protectionAs long as everyone realizes the significance of environmental protection and takes some effective measures，I am fully confident that we can overco
47、me the pollution problem.,Lecture 4:结尾段（conclusion）“锦上添花”还是“狗尾续貂”？,包含内容：一,是概括功能（概括全文，做出总结）；二,是呼应功能（和开头呼应）结尾段的方法：7种，巧妙的将开头重复paraphrase，而不是copy.,第1种归纳法：总结全文要点,1.For what has been discussed above/As is shown above/From the above analysis,we may safely make/draw/reach/come to/arrive at the conclusion th
48、at 2.In a nutshell/In short,sincenot onlybut alsoas well as,it is safe/reasonable/sensible/clear/apparent to conclude that,第2种：提出建议、号召行动,It is hoped/suggested/recommended that great efforts should be made to control/check/promote the growth/increase/rise of,第3种：提出警告、后果,It is necessary that effective
49、 actions/steps/should be taken to prevent the situation/phenomenon.It is,therefore,apparent/clear/obvious that the task of requiresimmediate attention.,第4种：预测未来常在社会、环保、科技问题上使用,Indeed,with the advance/progress such as,it is likely that the influence will grow even stronger,第5种：以退为进（让步写法）,AlthoughWe s
50、hould grant thatbutAdmittedly but it is a rare condition.It should be granted thatbut this likelihood is too small to consider.,第6种：引用名言,第7种：以问题结尾,引人反思,Appendix（4）句子变化,相邻句子逻辑关系密切，用长句它给学生们带来严重的压力，一些学生无法忍受这种压力。It brings students intensive pressure.Some students cannot endure this pressure.It brings st
