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1、CHALLENGES OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF E-WASTEBY MARGARET W.MAIMBAEACO E-WASTE WORKSHOP,INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL18-20 MARCH,2015,PRESENTATION OUTLINE,BackgroundWhat is E-waste?Components of E-wasteProblems of E-wasteE-waste contains hazardous componentsE-waste taking up valuable landfill spaceCathode R
2、ay TubesOther problemsE-waste managementDisposal optionsChallenges of E-waste mgt(Developing Countries)Special E-waste challengesRecommendationsConclusions,BACKGROUND,What is Electronic Waste(E-waste)?There is no generally accepted definition of E-wasteE-waste-electronic products that has ceased to
3、be of any value for the current user or any appliance using an electric power supply that has reached its end-of-life(Porter(2002)These are unusable electronic products such as TVs,monitors,computers,audio/stereo equipment,VCRs,DVD players,digital and video cameras,telephones,fax and coping machines
4、,cellular phones,wireless devices and video games among othersThe use of electronic goods is growing fast because of innovations,low prices and easy to use facilities.Due to higher income,stds of living and professional requirement,people are replacing the electronic goods very fast.This results in
5、high generation of E-waste,BACKGROUND CONTD,These gadgets have become unwanted and obsolete due to:advancement in technology changes in fashion,style and status nearing the end of their useful life.The EEE have infiltrated all aspects of our daily life providing us with more comfort,health and secur
6、ity Thus,with the decrease in the average lifespan of electronic equipment,planet Earth will certainly have to take the load of more and more volume of E-waste in the coming years.Most of E-waste is generated by the Government,private and households.NOTE:E-Waste(puter equipment)for its current user
7、can in various conditions be useful to another user and can also be reused by upgrading a small component of the equipment,COMPONENTS OF E-WASTE,Electronic appliances contain different types of elements both valuable and hazardousValuable metals-gold(Au),silver(Ag),platinum(Pt),Cu(copper)Gallium(Ga)
8、,palladium(Pd),tantalum(Ta),tellurium(Te),germanium(Ge)and selenium(Se)etc.Hazardous substances mercury(Hg),Lead(Pb)and Cadmium(Cd)Brominated flame retardants e.g polybrominated diphenyl ethers could affect endocrine system and affect neurodevelopment Presence of these toxic substances-E-waste is co
9、nsidered hazardousSignificant wealth is disposed of in E-waste that could be exploited by developing or improving E-waste recycling technologiesColtan(columbo-tantalite mined inAfrica.DRC-produces 64%of world reserves:the mineral has fuelled warpoverty)-a crucial raw material for the production of m
10、odern electronics(cellular phones,computers etc).Without coltan the digital age economy would grind toa halt.,PROBLEMS OF E-WASTE,Mgt&disposal of E-waste-a serious problem in the developing countries:WHY?High volumes:It is now the fastest growing and most toxic,component of MSW stream.E-waste is tak
11、ing up valuable landfill space!The transition from analogue to digital.Will result in huge piles of E-wasteProposed 10school laptops.your guess is as good as mineToxic design:E-waste is classified as hazardous waste(Tsydenova&Bengtsson,2011)having adverse health and environmental implications Poor d
12、esign and complexity:E-waste imposes many challenges to the recycling industry because it contains many different materials that are mixed togetherLabour issues:Include occupational exposures,informal sector domination causing human health and environmental problems,lack of labour standards and righ
13、tsFinancial incentives:managed properly,E-waste management new opportunities with the rise in the price of many of the materials in electronics,such as Au and Cu,PROBLEMS OF E-WASTE CONTD,Regulation Many nations either lack adequate regulations for E-waste management or lack effective enforcement of
14、 the regulationsBamako Convention:Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes-enforcement remains a challenge due to lack of adequate and predictable resourcesDisposal methods:A lot of EoL electronics are neither disposed of nor recycled
15、.much of it,especially old PCs-sits in storage in homes,offices and warehouses.Some people either put an item aside and forget about it;hold unto them and are reluctant to part with it dont know what to do with the E-waste.This further complicates the issue of E-waste mgt because recyclers cannot ga
16、in access to the valuable resources these electronics contain,PROBLEMS OF E-WASTE CONTD,Environment:The problem occurs when leaching of toxic and heavy material(Hg,Cd)from E-waste are released into soil,and subsequent in the water systems Human health:Recyclers(informal)may suffer from the following
17、:birth defects,infant mortality,tuberculosis,anomalies in the immune system,malfunctioning of the kidneys and respiratory system,lung cancer,underdevelopment of the brain in children and damage to the nervous and blood systems(Prakash&Manhart,2010)Mining:Manufacture of these EEE leads to systematic
18、depletion of the raw materials Recycling:Rudimentary methods of recycling by the informal sector(Jua kali-Kenya)in developing countries,E-WASTE MANAGEMENT,Involves collection,transportation,processing,recycling or disposal and monitoring of the waste materials.EPR-Switzerland and the Netherlands ide
19、ntified as some of the most successful examples for E-waste management systemsARF practiced in California-ARF collected from sale or import of an appliance&passed on to retailers or distributors who invoice consumers for their purchase of new appliance.ARF pays for the E-waste mgt.Manufacturers can
20、use environmental friendly materials and componentsRecycling(Informal sector):Awareness raising programmes and activities are needed on issues related to ESM and OSH,and on how to form cooperatives and integrate into the formal sector.,DISPOSAL OPTIONS,Reuse:Preventing waste in the first place is th
21、e preferred management optionAchieved through repairing,maintenance and upgrading used electrical equipment e.g adding memory to a computer,upgrading software.Delays the E-waste to landfillRecycle:Make use of take back programmes if anyRecycling E-waste is important for resource and waste management
22、Refurbishment:Upgrading of electronic equipment(e.g Computer)either internally or externally to bring it to a usable condition.Delays the E-waste to landfillDisposeSilver,gold,lead and other heavy metal are recyclableLeast preferred option is to dispose of E-waste to landfill.Used as a last option b
23、ut care to consult on how to dispose of hazardous waste should be soughtDONATE:Bridges technology divide and delays E-waste to landfill,CHALLENGES OF E-WASTE,Absence of recycling infrastructure(in developing countries)or appropriate management of e-wasteLack of E-waste-specific legislationAbsence of
24、 effective take-back programmesLack of legislation to control in-flow(imports)of E-waste from developed to developing countriesuncoordinated,high level of importation of E-waste disguised as secondhand devicesLack of interest by companies or incentives for E-waste managementLack of awareness among c
25、onsumersLack of awareness of on inherent dangers of e-waste among collectors and recyclersLack of funds and investment to finance improvements in E-waste recyclingLack of recycling facilities to maximize on economical benefits of E-wastePoor corporate responsibility by industryLack of estimates on q
26、uantity generated or recycledUsed electronics not contraband to Kenyans Customs ServiceIncrease in cyber crime.,Special E-waste challenges,Challenge is on how to encourage end users to segregate E-waste from MSW streamNew E-waste Plants are required in developing countriesExisting facilities not des
27、igned to handle orNeed special equipment,new process,Environmental,Health and Safety(EHS)and training to be managedWorld is requiring“urban mining”to satisfy the raw materials demand of the Digital Era.These have to be mined from the E-waste.This would stop impact of E-waste on human health stop war
28、s in DRC,reduce poverty because there would be environmentally sound management of E-waste to benefit al the citizens of the world and especially those in the developing countries.,RECOMMENDATIONS,13,Need for legislation on safe disposal of E-waste-GvtConsider accompanying sales of new consumer elec
29、tronics through process feesNeed to encourage genuine and registered recyclersManufacturers/importers need to take item back at end-of-life with incentivesNeed to fast track on capacity building on mgt of E-wasteNeed for incentive schemes for garbage collectors and general public for collecting and
30、handling of E-wasteNeed for awareness programmes on E-waste for school children and the general public,RECOMMENDATIONS,Target manufacturers by introducing EPR legislation and encouraging initial designs to be green,long lived,upgradeable and built for recyclingPublic awareness to both consumers and
31、E-waste recyclers in the informal economy,integration of the informal sector with the formal,creating green jobs,enforcing legislation and labour standards,and eliminating practices which are harmful to human health and the environment Encourage cooperative organizations of E-waste workers especiall
32、y in the informal sector,CONCLUSIONS,15,E-Waste is a ticking time bomb in developing countries(e.g.Kenya)Let us all work together for a better FutureThere is need for involvement of all stakeholders(in terms of roles and responsibilities)on the mgt of E-waste Kenya,as a major consumer of both new an
33、d used electronics products,need to take an urgent look at E-Waste management viaNational E-waste policy Legislation on E-wastePublic awareness both to the consumers and the recyclersDevelop and implement a curriculum on E-waste management in all levels of education A call for Action is NOW!,Source:www.source:,THANK YOU,GOD BLESS!,Email address:,
