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1、托福写作,托福考试由美国教育考试服务中心开发，用于测试母语为非英语的考生在校园环境中理解和使用英语的能力。Tips：托福考试（Test of English as a Foreign Language,简称TOEFL）美国教育考试服务中心（Educational Testing Service,简称ETS）,目前全球各地约有4500多所二年制和四年制大专院校、职业学校和相关机构要求学生入学时提供托福考试成绩。托福成绩在很多学校已成为授予学生奖学金的重要依据。自1964年举行以来，已有1750万人次参加了这一考试。,托福官方指南用书,托福官方指南用书：The Official Guide To
2、The New TOEFL iBT,任何英语考试的成功 英语内功+考试技巧+坚持不懈,英语内功1、足够的词汇量2、强悍的语法能力3、听写是提高听力的最有效手段。4、先听后说、技巧灵活 要输出，先输入。,修炼英语内功应该记住的两句话：1、人不疯魔难成佛！2、成功和失败的分水岭只有五个字：我没有时间！,假设：阅读的时候没有生词，什么感觉？,阅读是一种享受。I Love This Game!,彪悍的词汇量从何而来？清华哥们背单词的真实故事。,结论：牛人的高度，并不是一飞就到的，而是在同伴们熟睡的时候辛苦地向上攀爬。,语法，即顺序。语法，即规律。Assignment：1、简单句2、并列句3、复合句,听
3、力和口语让我们明白英语的生活之美。,TOEFL写作的两大部分1、Integrated Writing 综合性写作2、Independent Writing 独立写作,综合性写作考察的实质是写听后感和读后感,TOEFL写作考试概况：1、工具2、字数3、文体,1、工 具 指法练习的软件 QQ&MSN,2、字数TWE没有明确规定。我的建议：及格：250 优秀：300-350,3、文体TWE为正式书面文体。建议：1、多用书面词汇，不用口语词汇。语域2、少用或者不用略缩语。Its=It is Ill=I will3、不用俗语、俚语（避免TOEFL听力影响）,语域：口语 书面语 thank appreci
4、ate help assistance want to would like to trouble inconvenience,考试导向考官定义的好文章？考官兴奋点？,假设阅卷老师是猴子，你用什么喂它？A.Fried Chicken B.Coca-colaC.Dumplings D.HamburgerE.Banana Give the monkey exactly what he wants.,对付应试类英语写作的 总原则 投 其 所 好！,什么样的作文使考官“吾为卿狂”？1、Not too many mistakes.2、Clear structure.(Essay+Paragraph)3、
5、Various use of words and sentence structure.4、Some ideas.,语言的正确性1、主谓不一致2、时态3、名词单复数4、搭配5、冠词用法6、拼写,1、主谓不一致1)My ideal job is a teacher.2)One serious problem we are faced with are how to use the natural resources.,2、时态 英语时态共有十六种，英语写作中只用到很少一部分。议论用现在时态 举例用过去时态 建议和展望用将来时态,3、名词单复数 1、个体名词名词的分类 2、集体名词 3、抽象名词
6、4、物质名词,4、搭配问题Look in/out/up/down/forward to be busy_ doinghave confidence _doing 导致 result _因为 result _剥夺 deprive sb._ sth.,5、冠词用法The 主要用来特指。An 用在元音音素的前面_ university_ hour6、拼写目前、环境、影响、机会、感激、现象 失业、贡献、合作、成就、旅游、,错误是一种习惯；正确也是一种习惯。常写是提高写作的必要手段；修改是提高写作的快速手段。修改：人改+机改http:/,如何突破TOEFL写作？1、分解问题2、分项突破 WordsEss
7、ay-Paragraphs-Sentences Structure,TOEFL写作的准备内容1、TWE语言的正确性2、积累写作词汇3、学习写作句型4、练习写作段落,TWE 写作词汇积累,1、词汇使用的多样性2、词汇使用的升级性3、词汇使用的丰富性,1、词汇使用的多样性反面案例：good,I think,Good的替换表达：味觉 tasty,delicious,sweet嗅觉 fragrant,delicious视觉 beautiful,handsome,lovely,触觉 smooth,soft,通用词 satisfied,terrific,encouraged,positive,I thin
8、k 表达的多样性单词表达：Assume,argue,emphasize,insist,hold,I think 表达的多样性短语表达：In my opinion,As far as I am concerned,For my part,As for me,When it comes to me,In my point of view,TWE 高频词汇的多样性表达1、危害 harm 2、获得 get 3、解决 solve 4、问题/problem 5、著名的famous,TWE 高频词汇的多样性表达6、造成，导致 cause,createlead to,result inbe responsib
9、le for give rise to,TWE 高频词汇的多样性表达颗粒导致了一种严重的空气污染烟雾。Tips：颗粒：particle烟雾：smog污染：pollution严重的：serious,severe,grave,TWE 高频词汇的多样性表达颗粒导致了一种严重的空气污染烟雾。Particles cause(create,lead to,result in,are responsible for)smog,a severe air pollution.,TWE 高频词汇的多样性表达7、good/badgood man good teacher good student good book
10、 good advice bad,9、快乐的 happy 10、各种各样的 many kinds of various kinds of all sorts of diverse kinds of,12、事物的特征1）巨大的 hugetremendous,enormousmassive,vastFinally,we have to recognize the tremendous economic engine that draws the vast majority of illegal migrants into the United States.CNN News,12、事物的特征2）多
11、种的 manifoldvariousdiverse,varieda(wide)variety ofThe effects of human activity are various,some of which are positive and some are negative.,12、事物的特征3）大量的manynumerous,innumerablea great number of Lakers need to overcome numerous injuries.,12、事物的特征4)过多的too much(too many)ExcessiveImmoderateRampant Exc
12、essive loss of soil（耕地）can have dire（可怕的）consequences.,13、重要的 adj.importantbasic,fundamentalcritical,crucialessential,vital,13、重要的 adj.1）A is basic(critical,essential)to Be.g.Self confidence is basic(critical,essential)to hitting on a girl.,13、重要的 adj.2）A plays a(n)basic(critical,essential)role in(d
13、oing)B e.g.Self confidence plays a(n)basic(critical,essential)role in hitting on a girl.,13、重要的 adj.3)A is of basic(fundamental,crucial,critical,vital,essential)importance to B e.g.An effective communication channel is of vital importance to the establishment and development of the economic relation
14、s between Europe and China.,13、重要的 adj.urgent,high time,high priorityTop priority Childhood obesity is no laughing matter,and it might be high time to get them into shape.Tips:Obesity n.肥胖,13、重要的 adj.urgent,high time,high priority Top prioritye.g.It is urgent to protect forests.It is high time to ta
15、ke measures to reduce the effects of global warming.,13、重要的 adj.urgent,high time,high priority top priorityIn your freshman year at college,finding a boyfriend(or girlfriend)is a high priority for you.When you are faced with graduation,finding a decent job becomes your top priority.,13、重要的 adj.“主要的”
16、adj.primary,principal,major,main,14、显然地evidently,apparently,obviously15、我相信 I believe I insist I maintain I am convinced,16、光明的未来 bright futuresplendid/promising/brilliantWe should never fail to make a splendid/promising future.17、著名的 famous enjoy a high reputation/distinguished/prestigious/,18、“问题”
17、短语总汇着手解决问题address the issue减缓问题的危害性alleviate the issue 使问题变得更加严重complicate the issue,19、误导misdirectMisguidemislead 20、集中精力concentrate onfocus on,21、随着 1)Along with,With the development(growth,wide use)of 2)There is a growing tendency forto 3)As the modern society has entered a information/digital/cy
18、ber/Internet age,22、时常more often than not Frequently23、流行fashion n.prevail v.popularity n.prevalence n.Prevalent adj.,24、准备做 set out to do/be ready to do 25、过多的immoderate,rampant,excessive,26、巨大的 tremendous enormous massive,27、毫无疑问 There is no denying that It goes without saying that理所当然 Without a d
19、oubt,Undoubtedly,Deny 否认,28、按照，根据in light of this/in terms of/in view of/according to 29、与有关 be connected with/be associated with/be linked with/concerning固定搭配的介词！,30、说明，证明,反映了 demonstrate,reveal,reflect,confirm示范 反映 展现 证实31、对有正面影响 对有负面影响 对有深远影响32、改正 adjust，modify，Correct,mend,33、“损害”主题词汇损害do harm t
20、o damagedestroyundermineruin(毁灭),表示“A对B造成损害”1.A damage B2.A cause damage to B3.A inflict damage(harm)upon(on)B Tips:Inflict:v.造成,e.g.The war will inflicttremendous(enormous)Damage upon/on the economy of the country.,破坏/损害 vb.undermine,impairHuman activity has impaired(undermined)the ecosystem.相当于：Hu
21、man activity has had harmful effects on the ecosystem.Tips:Ecosystem:n.生态系统,承受损害 vb.suffer frome.g.Beijing suffers from sand storms.相当于：Sand storms have adverse effects On Beijing.Adverse 不利的,危及 v.threatenendangerJeopardize 危害,The cooperation between China and Venezuela（委内瑞拉）in the field of energy m
22、ight jeopardize(endanger,threaten)the interests of America.,e.g.酒后驾驶严重危及乘客们的生命。Tips:酒后驾驶：drunk driving乘客：passengers,Drunk driving seriously jeopardizes(endangers,threatens)passengers lives.,34、“受益”主题词汇 n.&v.Benefit表示“A对B有好处”A bring(offer,provide)benefits to B十二月一日,e.g.作为地球上一种重要的物种，老虎给人类带来经济、社会、生态方面的
23、益处。Tips:物种：species经济的：economical社会的：social生态的：ecological,As an important species on theEarth,tigers provide economical,social and ecological benefits to human beings.,表示“A从B那里得到好处”A benefit（profit）from BA get(gain,obtain,reap,derive,receive)benefits from B,When someone gets old,he will benefit from
24、his uniqueexperience.,35、“保护”主题词汇v.protect,safeguard Safeguarding(protecting)the environment is essential to the sustainable development（可持续发展）of mankind.,保存/保护v.save,preserve:save(preserve)natural resources,e.g.人类早就应该采取行动来保存森林和其它珍贵的自然资源。Tips:早应该，是时候It is high time for sb.to do采取行动：take action 珍贵的：v
25、aluable,人类早就应该采取行动来保存森林和其它珍贵的自然资源。It is high time for human beings to take action to preserve(save)forests and other valuable natural resources.,保持maintain,sustainmaintain(sustain)the balance of ecosystem（生态系统）,自然和环境nature,Mother Natureenvironmentecosystemthe balance of ecosystem（生态平衡）,为达到写作词汇多样化，推荐
26、两本书：词以类记TOEFL iBT词汇 张红岩著 牛津同义词字典,用简单汉语解释复杂汉语！复杂汉语 简单汉语溺 爱 被给与过多爱和关注溺爱:spoil被给与过多爱和关注be given too much love and concern,用简单汉语解释复杂汉语！复杂汉语 简单汉语孝顺 照顾/关心/尊敬老人(无对应单词)养年迈的父母照顾/关心/尊敬老人Support/care for/respect the old people 养年迈的父母Support ones aged parents,复杂汉语 简单汉语辍学 不能继续上学不能继续上学be unable to continue ones s
27、tudying,复杂汉语 简单汉语崇拜偶像 对超级巨星极其喜爱崇拜偶像：worship an idol对超级巨星极其喜爱：extremely love a super star,复杂汉语 简单汉语 灭绝 从地球上消失灭绝：extinction从地球上消失：disappear from our planet,Practice:复杂汉语-简单汉语转换1、灰心（泄气）2、沉迷于3、黄色信息4、江河日下5、水深火热的人们,复杂汉语 简单汉语灰心（泄气）丧失希望丧失希望：lose ones hope,复杂汉语 简单汉语 沉迷于 疯狂热爱沉迷于：be addicted to be fascinated w
28、ith疯狂热爱：be crazy about love crazily,复杂汉语 简单汉语黄色信息 不健康的新闻黄色信息：erotic（色情的）information不健康的新闻：unhealthy news,复杂汉语 简单汉语江河日下 变得越来越糟糕 江河日下：无对应短语变得越来越糟糕：become worse from bad go from bad to worse,复杂汉语 简单汉语水深火热的人们 有困难的人们 or 有麻烦的人们水深火热的人们：无对应短语有困难的人们：people in difficulty有麻烦的人们：people in trouble,复杂词汇的简单化解释,成 熟
29、 的 a.,mature a.,简单化表达：fully grown,心 理 学 n.,psychology n.,简单化表达：science of mind,敏 感 的 a.,sensitive a.,简单表达：affected easily by.,鼓 励 v.,encourage v.,简单化表达：give support to,防 卫 v.,defend v.,简单化表达：protect sb.from harm,2、词汇使用的升级性避免使用“恶心词汇”1)Make Hard work makes us succeed.The lesson makes me never forget.I
30、n a sense the society makes the old people unable to enjoy the equal right.,2）in order to 3）Most（大多数）例:most people/college students,4）More and more（越来越多的）例：More and more people More and more trees have disappeared in the city.There is a sharp decrease in the number of trees in the city.,More and mor
31、e teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years.There is a sharp increase in the number of teenagers who smoke cigarettes in recent years.,5)difficult(困难的)Tough,hard,complicated,Confusing,6)Important（重要的）Significant,essential,vital,Critical,crucial,be of importance,3、词汇使用的丰富性1）托福写作的十四大功能语汇2）托福写作的六大主题词汇
32、,托福写作的十四大功能语汇1、表示“观点”2、表示“重视”give weight to/give stress to/attach importance to 3、表示“强调”place weight on/put emphasis on,托福写作的十四大功能语汇4、表示“赞同”approve of/vote for/stand by5、表示“反对”disapprove of object to be opposed to,造句1、观点我认为，在生活中，健康像空气和水一样重要。2、重视地方政府要重视特殊儿童教育的问题。（特殊儿童：exceptional children）4、反对有人认为，在当
33、今社会，金钱就是一切。我强烈反对这种观点。,造句1、观点我认为，在生活中，健康像空气和水一样重要。In my point of view,health is as important as air and water in my life.,As短语总结：as busy as a beeas blue as skyas black as coffeeas evil as a devilas pure as an angelas deep as oceanas strong as a horse,造句2、重视地方政府要重视特殊儿童教育的问题。The local government should
34、 give weight to the issue of exceptional childrens education.,造句4、反对有人认为，在当今社会，金钱就是一切。我强烈反对这种观点。Someone assumes that money means everything in the modern society.I am strongly opposed to the view.,6、表示“努力”make every effort to many efforts should be made to spare no effort to 7、表示“建议”suggest/advance/
35、put forward/,8、表示“原因”due to/owing to/9、表示“决心”be determined to make up ones mind to be convinced to,10、表示“结论”Sb.may come to a conclusion that Sb.may arrive at a conclusion that Sb.may reach a conclusion that,造句6、努力各行各业的人们都要努力抵制假货泛滥。Tips:各行各业的人们people from all walks of life 抵制：resist;假货：fake commoditi
36、es 泛滥：rampancy,造句9、决心我决心资助两名失学儿童。10、结论因此，我们可以得出结论：自信在工作面试中很必要。,造句6、努力各行各业的人们都要努力抵制假货泛滥。People from all walks of life should make every effort to resist rampancy of fake commodities.,造句9、决心 我决心资助两名失学儿童。I make up my mind to finance two drop-out students.,造句10、结论因此，我们可以得出结论：自信在工作面试中很必要。Therefore,we may
37、 come to a conclusion that confidence is essential in a job interview.,11、表示“坚持”：adhere toinsist on 坚持主张persist in 坚持12、表示“打算”mean to dointend to doattempt to do,13、表示“认识到”be aware ofbe conscious ofrealize14、表示“不同”Differ from inbe different fromvary in,造句11、坚持如果我们相信某件事情是值得做的，就应该坚持去做。12、打算我打算在暑假做一份兼职
38、。13、认识到现在，越来越多的人意识到用科学的态度对待生活和工作的重要性。,11、坚持如果我们相信某件事情是值得做的，就应该坚持去做。If we believe that something is worthwhile,we should persist in pursuing it.,12、打算我打算在暑假做一份兼职。I intend to take a part-time job during the summer vacation.,13、意识到现在，越来越多的人意识到用科学的态度对待生活和工作的重要性。Currently,people in increasing numbers hav
39、e been aware of the importance of scientific attitudes towards life and work.,2、托福写作的六大主题词汇1）教育2）科技3）社会问题4）环境5）文化6）道德,怎样让托福作文的用词更生动？Use Idioms,作文中常用的Idiom 1、above board,Definition:Without any trickery（没有一点弄虚作假）含义：光明正大Example:这笔交易完全是合法的。,Example:这笔交易完全是合法的。The deal was completely above board.,作文中常用的I
40、diom2、against the clock,Definition:As fast as possible;before a deadline尽可能地快；赶在截至日期之前含义：分秒必争Example:他们正在分秒必争地准备雅思考试。,Example:他们正在分秒必争地准备雅思考试。They are studying against the clock to prepare for IELTS.,作文中常用的Idiom3、burn the midnight oil,Definition:to work very late into the night(工作得很晚直到深夜)含义：熬夜Origin
41、:十七世纪 英国诗人 Francis Quarles“Emblems”(徽章)“we spend our midday sweat,our midnight oil.”,Example:我得在明天之前赶完这篇论文，所以我想今晚得熬夜了。,Example:我得在明天之前赶完这篇论文，所以我想今晚得熬夜了。I have to get this paper finished by tomorrow,so I suppose Ill be burning the midnight oil tonight.,作文中常用的Idiom4、bury sb.s head in the sand,Definiti
42、on:to refuse to face sth.by pretending not to see it.以假装看不见的方式拒绝面对某事。含义：逃避问题Example:你这样逃避问题是没用的，你很清楚人家迟早会发现事实真相的。,Example:你这样逃避问题是没用的，你很清楚人家迟早会发现事实真相的。It is no use bury your head in the sand;you know quite well that sooner or later people will find out the truth.,作文中常用的Idiom5、by and large,Definition
43、:In general;on the whole(通常；总的来说)含义：大体而言Origin:by the wind sailing large Example:大体而言，英国的经济改革提供了更多的就业机会。,Example:大体而言，英国的经济改革提供了更多的就业就会。By and large,Britains economic reform has offered more opportunities for employment.,语言的丰富变化1、简单句的五种结构2、并列句的公式3、三大主从复合句,1、简单句的五种结构主+谓主+谓+宾主+谓+宾+宾主+谓+宾+宾补主系表,1、主+谓 T
44、ime flies!2、主+谓+宾 Time proves all！3、主+谓+宾+宾 Time gives us experience!4、主+谓+宾+宾补 Time makes us smart!5、主+系+表 Time is money.,2、并列句的公式简单句+并列连词+简单句,并列句造句1、政府可以对私家车主增加税款，或者它可以发展公共交通。2、快餐不会取代传统食物，印刷书籍也不会被电子书籍取代。,并列句造句1、政府可以对私家车主增加税款，或者它可以发展公共交通。The government may levy tax on the private cars owners,or it
45、may develop the public transportation.,并列句造句2、快餐不会取代传统食物，印刷书籍也不会被电子书籍取代。Fast food will not take the place of traditional food,nor will P-books be replaced by E-books.,3、复合句1）名词性从句2）定语从句3）状语从句,简单句英语的三种基本句式 并列句 复合句,托福句式的重点复合句写作 名词性从句（主、宾、表、同）复合句 定语从句 状语从句,宾语从句用来表达观点。I think that I love you.主 谓 宾,All p
46、arents assume that their children should not follow the super stars steps blindly.The majority of scientists on space believe that exploring space is of great benefit to human race.,宾语从句造句：1、很多人认为，那些著名运动员不应该得到 那么高的工资。2、经济学家认为，世界经济与原油价格密切 相关。3、大学生们认为，应该在四级考试中举行口 试。4、HR专家认为，自信在面试中至关重要。5、年轻人们觉得跳槽是一件司空见
47、惯的事 情。,宾语从句造句：1、很多人认为，那些著名运动员不应该得到那么高的工资。A great number of people assume that those prestigious athletes should not deserve such high salaries.,宾语从句造句：2、经济学家认为，世界经济与原油价格密切相关。The economists believe that the world economy is closely connected with oil price.,3、大学生们认为，有必要在四级考试中举行口试。College students hol
48、d that it is essential to take a spoken English test in CET-4.,4、HR专家认为，自信在面试中至关重要。Experts on HR insist that confidence is of great importance in the interview.,5、很多年轻人们觉得，跳槽在当今社会是一件司空见惯的事情。Many youngsters hold that job-hopping is a common practice in the modern society.,亮点句式It 从句：公式：It+be+a/an+名词+t
49、hatIt+be+形容词+thatIt+be+过去分词+that,It+be+a/an+名词+thatIt is a pity that It is a shame that It is a fact thatIt is an honor that It is my belief that 造句：1、有些年轻人不愿意赡养年迈的父母，这是一件令人遗憾的事情。2、我相信这些孩子在灾难之后会回到校园。,1、有些年轻人不愿意赡养年迈的父母，这是一件令人遗憾的事情。It is a pity that some youngsters are unwilling to support their aged
50、parents.,2、我相信这些孩子在灾难之后会回到校园。It is my belief that those children will go back to their schools after the great disaster.,It+be+形容词+thatIt is likely thatIt is obvious thatIt is strange thatIt is fortunate thatIt is natural that造句：1、每个人都要爱别人和被别人爱，这是很自然的。2、幸运的是，这个国家的每一位成员都愿意帮助深陷困境的人。,1、每个人都要爱别人和被别人爱，这是
